... that/those of ...
結構︰that/those of 作為避免重複的代名詞
說明︰英文句構中，兩個<名詞>對稱而形成<比較>的情況時，為避免重複，第二個<名詞>若為單數，就改為<代名詞> that;若為複數，則改為<代名詞> those。不過在遇到<所有格>時，可使用<所有格>的<名詞>形態取代 that 或 those。
The population of Tokyo is larger than that of London. 東京的人口比倫敦的多。
The climate here is like that of Taipei. 這兒的氣候和台北非常相似。
His children are well bred, whereas those of his sister are naughty.
他的孩子很有教養，但他姊姊的孩子卻調皮得很。
The students work harder than those of our school. 這些學生比我們學校的學生用功。
His car is bigger than mine. 他的車比我的大。

the former ... the latter
結構︰the former ... the latter ...
說明︰此句型意為“前者…後者…”。可代替單複數<名詞>，而“that(指前者)… this(指後者)…”或“the one(指前者)…the other(指後者)…”，只能代替單數<名詞>。若兩個<名詞>均為複數時，也可用“those ... these ...”取代“the former ... the latter ...”。
Virtue and vice are two different things: the former/that/the one leads to peace, the latter/this/the other to misery. 美德與邪惡是不同的，前者帶來和平，後者導致痛苦。
Man differs from beasts in that the former is able to laugh, while the latter aren’t.
人不同於野獸，因前者能笑，而後者卻不能。
Jane and Mary are good friends; the former is a teacher, the latter is a nurse.
珍和瑪麗是好朋友，前者是老師，後者是護士。
Dogs are more faithful animals than cats; these attach themselves to places, and those to persons. 狗比貓忠心，後者依戀地方，前者依戀人。

... one ..., the other ...
結構︰…two+複數名詞，one…the other…
說明︰此句型意為“一個…另一個…”。用於限定的兩者，只有在“two+複數<名詞>”之後才能使用。
I have two aunts; one lives in Tokyo and the other in Osaka.
我有兩個姑媽;一個住在東京，另一個住在大阪。
I have two dogs; one is white, and the other is brown.我有兩條狗;一條白色的，一條棕色的。
The two brothers often quarrel with each other; one is stubborn, and the other (is) selfish.
這兩兄弟經常吵架;一個很固執，另一個則很自私。
I don’t like this one; show me the other.
我不喜歡這個，給我看另一個。(暗示：這種東西只有兩種)