非谓语动词的用法及其意义(下)----动名词结构和分词结构

相关背景知识介绍
动名词从其名称来说就是由动词或动词短语经一定的变化而形成的名词或名词短语。动名词由动词变化而来，因此同表示静态特征的名词相比较， 动名词更强调动作性。
如2002年综合类C级完型填空题：
The theoretical separation of __1__, working, traffic and recreation which for many years has been used in….
1. A. lives B. life C. live D. living
分词在阅读中我们更是常常遇到，这是因为分词结构是一种重要语法结构，它可产生很多中的语义功能，不如作状语，表示伴随状态，
e.g. Finding no one at home, he left the house in a bad temper. (=When he found…)
分词的考察在职称英语中的考察也是在词汇题，完型填空题和有关文章阅读理解上都可能会出现。
如2002年综合类A级的词汇题部分：
1. The water in this part of the river has been contaminated by sewage (污水).
A. polluted B. downgraded
C. mixed D. blackened
2. Alice is a fascinating girl.
A. a beautiful B. a pretty
C. an attractive D. a pleasant
3. She stood there, crying and trembling with fear.
A. shaking B. staggering
C. struggling D. murmuring

动名词(Gerund)

动名词的形式
动名词与动词不定式一样，也是一种非谓语形式，它可以带宾语、状语等构成动名词短语。
动名词由动词原形+ing构成，没有人称和数的变化，但有语态的变化，且有一般式和完成式。
以动词study为例：

  主动 被动 一般式 studying being studied  完成式 having studied having been studied

动名词的用法
动名词(或动名词短语)在句中起名词的作用，可用作主语、表语、宾语(动词或介词的宾语)和定语等。
1.作主语
e.g. Swimming is never as fast as running.
e.g. Talking about it is no use.
e.g. Seeing is believing /眼见为实。
提示：动名词(或动名词短语)作主语时，有时句中使用形式主语it，如：
e.g. It is no use talking about it./ 谈论此事并无用处。
常见的形式主语结构(真正的主语是在句子的结尾部分出现的动名词结构)
It is +no use , no good , fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time 等名词+ doing sth.
It is + useless, nice , good ,interesting, worthwhile, pointless, expensive 等形容词+doing sth.
e.g. It is no use crying.
e.g. It is no good objecting.
e.g. It is a great fun playing football.
e.g. It is a waste of time trying to explain.
e.g. It is nice seeing you again.
e.g. It is expensive running this car.
2.作表语
e.g. Our duty is programming the computer.
e.g. My hobby is performing on musical instruments.
注意：be+动名词(表语)与be+现在分词(构成进行时态)在形式上相同，但在前一种结构中，be是系动词，有词意，而在后一种结构中，be是助动词，只是用来构成一种谓语时态，无词义。二者的区别主要是根据上下文的逻辑意思来定。如：
e.g. My favorite sport is skating./ 我特别喜欢的运动是滑冰。(动名词)
comp: My brother is skating./ 我的兄弟正在滑冰。(分词)
3.作宾语(动词或介词的宾语)
e.g. They began studying psychology last week. 来源：考试大
e.g. Would you mind waiting for a moment?
注：
① 很多及物动词都可用动名词作宾语，常见的只可跟动名词的动词有：avoid, deny, dislike, enjoy, excuse, finish, keep, mind, miss, practice, require, suggest, can’t help, give up, insist on等。
② 在下列动词后面，只能跟不定式：agree, decide, desire, determine, expect, hope, pretend, promise, refuse, wish等
③ 常见的既可跟动名词也可跟不定式作宾语的动词有：attempt, begin, continue, forget, hate, learn, like, love, prefer, need, propose, remember, regret, start, stop, try, want等。如：
e.g. As the plan began moving (to move), the people on the ground waved goodbye./
有时两种结构之间意义差别不大，如表示抽象的、泛指的一般倾向多用动名词;如指特别的或具体某一行动，则用不定式更多些。如：
e.g. I like traveling very much./我非常喜欢旅游。(经常性的爱好)。
e.g. Would you like to eat ice-cream with me?/ 你愿意和我一起去吃冰淇淋吗?(指一次的动作) http://ks.examda.com
有些动词后面用动名词还是不定式作宾语，其含义有明显的差别。常见的动词有：stop, remember, forget, regret, try, want等。如：
a.stop后面跟动名词，通常表示“停止或不再做某事”;跟不定式则通常表示“停止或不再做正在做的事，而去做别的事”。如：
e.g. Stop arguing and start working./ 停止争论，开始工作。
e.g. I didn’t know how to get there so I stopped to ask the way./我不知道到那儿路怎么走，所以就停下来问路。
b.remember后面跟动名词，通常表示“回忆过去而记得…”，跟不定式则通常表示“记住去干…，别忘了”如：
e.g. I remember reading a review of that book. / 我记得读过那本书的评论。
e.g. Please remember to book seats for them today./ 请别忘了今天去戏院为他们订座。 来源：考试大
c.regret后面跟动名词，通常表示“对已经发生的情况表示后悔”;跟不定式通常表示“对现在或将来的情况表示抱歉”。如：
e.g. I regret telling him this./ 我后悔告诉他这件事。
e.g. I regret to inform you that your application has been refuse./ 我遗憾地通知你，爸爸的申请被拒绝了。
4.作定语
e.g. These dialogues may be used as listening materials. (= materials for listening)
e.g. The Reading Room of the British Museum is a large round hall. (=Room for Reading)

Ⅲ动名词的时态与语态
动名词分一般式和完成式，一般式表示一般性的动作概念，不明确动作发生的时间(如现在、过去或将来)，有主动语态和被动语态。如：
Besides reading, he is fond of collecting stamps. (主动)/ 除了阅读以外，他还喜欢集邮。
Was she upset at not being invited? (被动)/ 她是否因没有受到邀请而感到不快?
动名词完成式用来表示发生在谓语动作前的动作。它也有主动语态和被动语态。如：
I remember having read the article on economic systems.
After having been tested, the instrument was sent to the laboratory. (被动)
Comp: Having been tested, the instrument was sent to the laboratory.
注：
① 动名词的完成式用得较少，有时动名词表示的动作虽然发生在谓语动作之前，也常用动名词的一般式来代替。如：
After being desalted, sea water can be used for drinking.
② 在need, require, want等动词后面，一般不用动名词的被动形式，即使表示被动意思，也用动名词的主动形式代替。如：
The house wants repairing./ 这房子需要修理了。 来源:

Ⅳ动名词的逻辑主语
动名词前可以有自己的逻辑主语，作为该动名词所表示的动作的发出者。用作动名词逻辑主语的词类有：物主代词、名词所有格(即名词后加“s”，意为“…的”;复数名词如以s结尾，则其后面只加“’”)、名词通格或人称代词宾格。如：
His taking part in the work will help us a lot./他参加这项工作会我们有很大帮助。
We are looking forward to Betty’s coming./ 我们正期待着贝蒂的到来。
She doesn’t like my father and me interfering in her affairs./ 她不愿意我父亲和我干涉她的事情。
注：
如果这种结构不是在句子开头，常可以用名词通格或人称代词宾格，如上述最后一句，这比用所有格更自然一些;但如果动名词逻辑主语是无生命的东西，就只能用名词的通格。如：
Here is an example of heat energy turning into electrical energy./这是一个热能转变为电能的例子。
接下来我们一块儿来分析几个句子：
From A Thirsty World
In addition to stopping wasting our precious water, one useful step we should take is to develop ways of reusing it. http://ks.examda.com
But it is possible to pipe water that has been used to a purifying plant. 动名词
Comp: Today, in most large cities, water is used only once and it eventually returns to the sea or runs into underground storage tanks. (storing tanks)
Comp: This salt-removing process is already in use in many parts of the world.