National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates(2002)

考生注意事项?
1．考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则，得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。?
2．答题前，考生应将答题卡上的“考生姓名”、“报考单位”、“考试语种”、“考生编号”等信息填写清楚，并与准考证上的一致。?
3．全国硕士研究生入学考试英语分为试题（一）、试题（二）。?
4．本试题为试题（一），共4页（1～4页）。考生必须在规定的时间内作答。?
5．试题（一）为听力部分。该部分共有A、B、C三节，所有答案都应填写或填涂在答题卡1上。A、B两节必须用蓝（黑）圆珠笔答题，注意字迹清楚。C节必须用2B铅笔按照答题卡上的要求填涂，如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。?
6．听力考试进行时，考生应先将答案写或标记在试题上，然后在听力部分结束前专门留出的5分钟内，将答案整洁地誊写或转涂到答题卡1上。仅写或标记在试题上不给分。?

Section I Listening Comprehension?

Directions:
This Section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accoMPAny them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C.?

Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.

Now look at Part A in your test booklet.?

Part A?
Directions:

For Questions 1-5, you will hear an introduction about the life of Margaret Welch. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you've heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)?


Welch's Personal Information
Place of Birth Philadelphia
Year of Birth 1901
Transfer to Barnard University (Year) 1920
Major at University 1
Final Degree PhD
Year of Marriage 1928
Growing Up In New Guinea Published (Year) 2
Field Study in the South Pacific (Age) 3
Main Interest 4
Professorship at Columbia Started (Year) 5
Death (Age) 77


Part B
Directions:

For questions 6-10, you will hear a talk by a well-known U.S. journalist. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. (5 points)?
____________________________________________________________________________

Besides reporters, who else were camped out for days outside the speaker's home?   6

One reporter got to the speaker's apartment pretending to pay   7

The speaker believed the reporter wanted a picture of her looking

   8

Where is a correction to a false story usually placed?

   9

According to the speaker, the press will lost readers unless the editors and the news directors   10


Part C

Directions:

You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. After listening, you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only. (10 points)??


Questions 11 - 13 are based on a report about children's healthy development. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 - 13.??

11. What unusual question may doctors ask when giving kids a checkup next time?
［A］ How much exercise they get every day.?
［B］ What they are most worried about.?
［C］ How long their parents accoMPAny them daily.?
［D］ What entertainment they are interested in.??


12. The academy suggests that children under age two .?
［A］ get enough entertainment.?
［B］ have more activities.?
［C］ receive early education.?
［D］ have regular checkups.??


13. According to the report, children's bedrooms should .?
［A］ be no place for play.?
［B］ be near a common area.?
［C］ have no TV sets.?
［D］ have a computer for study.??


Questions 14 - 16 are based on the following talk about how to save money. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14 - 16.??
14. According to the speaker, what should one pay special attention to if he wants to save up??
［A］ Family debts. ? ［B］ Bank savings.?
［C］ Monthly bills. ? ［D］ Spending habits.

??
15. How much can a person save by retirement if he gives up his pack-a-day habit??
［A］ $190,000.? ［B］ $330,000.? ［C］ $500,000. ? ［D］ $1,000,000.??


16. What should one do before paying monthly bills, if he wants to accumulate wealth??
［A］ Invest into a mutual fund.?
［B］ Use the discount tickets.?
［C］ Quit his eating-out habit.?
［D］ Use only paper bills and save coins.??


Questions 17-20 are based on an interview with Herbert A. Glieberman, a domestic-relations lawyer. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17 - 20.??


17. Which word best describes the lawyer's prediction of the change in divorce rate??
［A］ Fall.? ［B］ Rise. ? ［C］ V-shape.

??
18. What do people nowadays desire to do concerning their marriage??
［A］ To embrace changes of thought.?
［B］ To adapt to the disintegrated family life.?
［C］ To return to the practice in the '60s and '70s.?
［D］ To create stability in their lives.??


19. Why did some people choose not to divorce 20 years ago??
［A］ They feared the complicated procedures.?
［B］ They wanted to go against the trend.?
［C］ They were afraid of losing face.?
［D］ they were willing to stay together.??


20. Years ago a divorced man in a coMPAny would have .?
［A］ been shifted around the country.?
［B］ had difficulty being promoted.?
［C］ enjoyed a happier life.?
［D］ tasted little bitterness of disgrace.??


You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.?????

THIS IS THE END OF SECTION I?
DO NOT READ OR WORK ON THE NEXT SECTION?
UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO CONTINUE

Section II Use of English

Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)??


Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened ( 21 ) . As was discussed before, it was not ( 22 ) the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic ( 23 ) , following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the ( 24 ) of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution ( 25 ) up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading ( 26 ) through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures ( 27 ) the 20th-century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that process in ( 28 ) . It is important to do so.?

It is generally recognized, ( 29 ) , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, ( 30 ) by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, ( 31 ) its impact on the media was not immediately ( 32 ) . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal" too, as well as ( 33 ) , with display becoming sharper and storage ( 34 ) increasing. They were thought of, like people, ( 35 ) generations, with the distance between generations much ( 36 ).?

It was within the computer age that the term “information society" began to be widely used to describe the ( 37 ) within which we now live. The communications revolution has ( 38 ) both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been ( 39 ) view about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. "Benefits"have been weighed ( 40 ) “harmful" outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.??


21. ［A］ between ［B］ before ［C］ since ［D］ later

22. ［A］ after ［B］ by ［C］ during ［D］ until

23. ［A］ means ［B］ method ［C］ medium ［D］ measure

24. ［A］ process ［B］ company ［C］ light ［D］ form

25. ［A］ gathered ［B］ speeded ［C］ worked ［D］ picked

26. ［A］ on ［B］ out ［C］ over ［D］ off

27. ［A］ of ［B］ for ［C］ beyond ［D］ into

28. ［A］ concept ［B］ dimension ［C］ effect ［D］ perspective

29. ［A］ indeed ［B］ hence ［C］ however ［D］ therefore

30. ［A］ brought ［B］ followed ［C］ stimulated ［D］ characterized

31. ［A］ unless ［B］ since ［C］ lest ［D］ although

32. ［A］ apparent ［B］ desirable ［C］ negative ［D］ plausible

33. ［A］ institution ［B］ universal ［C］ fundamental ［D］ instrumental

34. ［A］ ability ［B］ capability ［C］ capacity ［D］ faculty

35. ［A］ by means of ［B］ in terms of ［C］ with regard to［D］ in line with

36. ［A］ deeper ［B］ fewer ［C］ nearer ［D］ smaller

37. ［A］ context ［B］ range ［C］ scope ［D］ territory

38. ［A］ regarded ［B］ impressed ［C］ influenced ［D］ effected

39. ［A］ competitive ［B］ controversial ［C］ distracting ［D］ irrational

40. ［A］ above ［B］ upon ［C］ against ［D］ with


Section III Reading Comprehension

Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)?


Text 1?


If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in syMPAthy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.?

Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful,polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?" the new arrival asked St. Peter. “On, that's God," came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor."?

If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.?

If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.

?

Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don't succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor. (447 words)??


41. To make your humor work, you should . ?
［A］ take advantage of different kinds of audience.?
［B］ make fun of the disorganized people.?
［C］ address different problems to different people.?
［D］ show syMPAthy for your listeners.??


42. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are .?
［A］ impolite to new arrivals.?
［B］ very conscious of their godlike role.?
［C］ entitled to some privileges.?
［D］ very busy even during lunch hours.??

43. It can be inferred from the text that public services .?
［A］ have benefited many people.?
［B］ are the focus of public attention.?
［C］ are an inappropriate subject for humor.?
［D］ have often been the laughing stock.??


44. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered .?
［A］ in well-worded language.?
［B］ as awkwardly as possible.?
［C］ in exaggerated statements.?
［D］ as casually as possible.??


45. The best title for the text may be .?
［A］ Use Humor Effectively.?
［B］ Various Kinds of Humor.?
［C］ Add Humor to Speech.?
［D］ Different Humor Strategies.?


Text 2?


Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.?

As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bonesurgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.?

But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world."?

Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.?

What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain'sroughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it. ??


46. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .?
［A］ the use of machines to produce science fiction.?
［B］ the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.?
［C］ the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.?
［D］ the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.?

?
47. The word “gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means .
［A］ programs.? ［B］ experts.? ［C］ devices. ? ［D］ creatures.??


48. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can .?
［A］ fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.?
［B］ interact with human beings verbally.?
［C］ have a little common sense.?
［D］ respond independently to a changing world.??


49. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also .?
［A］ make a few decisions for themselves.?
［B］ deal with some errors with human intervention.?
［C］ improve factory environments.?
［D］ cultivate human creativity.??


50. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .
［A］ expected to copy human brain in internal structure.?
［B］ able to perceive abnormalities immediately.?
［C］ far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.?
［D］ best used in a controlled environment.


Text 3?


Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-80, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digitinflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time??

The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.?

Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.?

Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, it oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, coMPAred with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.?

One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist's commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%. ??


51. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is .?
［A］ global inflation.? ［B］ reduction in supply.?
［C］ fast growth in economy.? ［D］ Iraq's suspension of exports.??


52. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if .?
［A］ price of crude rises.? ［B］ commodity prices rise.
［C］ consumption rises. ? ［D］ oil taxes rise.?


53. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries .
［A］ heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.?
［B］ income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.?
［C］ manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.?
［D］ oil price changes have no significant iMPAct on GDP.??


54. We can draw a conclusion from the text that .?
［A］ oil-price shocks are less shocking now.?
［B］ inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.?
［C］ energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.?
［D］ the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.??


55. From the text we can see that the writer seems .?
［A］ optimistic. ? ［B］ sensitive.? ［C］ gloomy. ? ［D］ scared.?


Text 4?


The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.?

Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect," a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.?

Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.?

Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."?

George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “It's like surgery," he says. “We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."?

On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.?

Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.?

The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.?

Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear…that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."

??

56. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that .?
［A］ doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' pain.
［B］ it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.?
［C］ the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.?
［D］ patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide.??


57. Which of the following statements its true according to the text??
［A］ Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.?
［B］ Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.?
［C］ The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.?
［D］ A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.

??
58. According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is .?
［A］ prolonged medical procedures.?
［B］ inadequate treatment of pain.?
［C］ systematic drug abuse.?
［D］ insufficient hospital care.??


59. Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive" (line 3, paragraph 7)??
［A］ Bold. ? ［B］ Harmful. ? ［C］ Careless. ?［D］Desperate.??


60. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they .?
［A］ manage their patients incompetently.?
［B］ give patients more medicine than needed.?
［C］ reduce drug dosages for their patients.?
［D］ prolong the needless suffering of the patients.


Part B


Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)??


Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. 61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. 63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organis m and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. 64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values." Who will use a technology and to what ends?

65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.


Section IV Writing?

66. Directions:
Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures —National and International".?

In the essay you should?

1) describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and?

2) give your comment on the phenomenon.?

You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)


An American girl in traditional Chinese costume（服装）

参考答案

21．选[A]。解答此题需要分析句子间的逻辑关系。第二句中的第一个词"Yet"表明了本句是对第一句内容的转折。第一句讲到20世纪电视的发展和15世纪、16世纪与20世纪之间的年代发生的事。同时，第三句中出现的19世纪也确定了本题的选择为[A]between， 指这两个时间段中间的年代。

22．选[D]。本题考查it is … that…强调句型。下文not until结构，被强调的部分是not until引导的时间状语。

23．选[C]。本题考查词义辨析。所给四个单词都有"方法，手段"的意思，但medium还有"媒体"的意思，正文正好用来指newspaper，因为newspaper是一种"媒体"。Medium的复数形式是media。

24.选[B]。本题需要对比两个短语：in the wake of 和in the company of.前者的意思是"在……之后"，后者的意思是"与……同时"。company在此句中的意思是"陪伴，伴随"。本句表明传单和书出现在报纸之前，而期刊是和报纸同时出现的。

25．选[B]。本题考查词义辨析。Speed up是"加速"的意思。本句讲的是19世纪通讯革命的发展。从句意来看，只能选[B]。

26．选[A]。本题考查副词on表"继续"的用法。本句讲19世纪通讯革命的发展，从交通、铁路开始， 发展到电报、电话、无线电和电影，直到20世纪的汽车和飞机。从这三个阶段可看出本题只能选[A]。

27．选[D]。本题考查介词的意义。由空格后的20th century world及与之相搭配的动词lead来看，［D］into是正确选项。

28.选［D］。本题考查固定搭配的用法。in perspective是固定短语，意思是"正确地"。本句的意思是：并不是所有的人都正确地认识了这一过程。本段最后一句指出"正确认识这一过程是很重要的"。

29.选［C］。本题考查副词的用法。从文章整体内容来看，文章每一段都谈到了不同的内容。第二段涉及电脑，并且在第一句就指出急剧地改变了第一段中提到的通讯革命，由此可以判断出这里应填入表示转折意味的副词，因此只能选［C］however。注意本题中的标点给了一定的解题线索，但是选项［D］there fore在标点符号的运用上与however是相同的，因此，要做出最后的判断还要依赖于对文章内容的理解。

30.选［B］。本题要求区分词义并考查一定的常识。所给四个选项的意思分别是［A］brought带来，［B］followed跟随其后的是……。常识知识告诉我们最早的电脑是在20世纪初期出现的，而20世纪60年代(即1960)出现了集成电路(integrated circuit)，所以两者出现的时间顺序很明显，电脑在先，集成电路在后，因此，正确选项是［B］followed。

31.选［D］。本题要求区分连词的意义。所给四个连词的意思分别是：［A］unless除非；［B］since自从，由于；［C］lest以防；［D］although 虽然。从文章内容来看，该处连词引导的分句应表示与全句相对立的内容，表明"电脑对媒体的作用没有立刻显现出来"，所以［D］although是正确选项。

32.选［A］。本题要求区分形容词词义。所给四个选项的意思分别是［A］apparent明显的，副面的；［B］desirable让人产生欲望的……；［C］negative消极的，副面的；［D］plausible 合理的。从文章内容来看，只有［A］为正确选项。

33.选［A］。本题要求区分形容词词义及对文章内容的理解。所给四个选项的意思分别是［A］institutional机构性的，团体性的；［B］universal普遍的；［C］fundamental根本的；［D］instrumental工具性的。本题的解题要点是要判断as well as前后的两个形容词的关系。as well as是一个并列连接短语，连接两个对等成份，而能与personal在意思上对等的词只有［A］institutional，分别指"个人电脑"和大机构团体用的电脑。

34.选［C］。本题要求区分同义词。storage的意思是"存储"，因此后面的词要表示可存储的能力，即"容量，容积"的意思。所给四个选项中只有［C］capacity有此意项。

35.选［B］。本题要求区分介词短语。［A］by means of通过……方式；［B］in terms of在……方面，以……说法；［C］with regard to关于……；［D］in line with与……一致。本句要表达的意思是：就象描述人一样，电脑也用"代"来描述，因此此处要填入的介词短语要表达"用……说法来描绘"的意思，只能填入［B］项。

36.选［D］。本题要求区分修饰名词的形容词。所给四个选项中只有small才能修饰distance.注意distance这样的词不能用法语中的"远、近"来修饰，而只能用"small， big"来修饰。正如price不能用cheap和expensive来修饰一样。

37.选［A］。本题要求区分名词。［A］context情况，境况；［B］range范围；［C］scope范围；［D］territory领域，领土。从文章内容来看，空格处要填入的词应是表达与"society"(社会)同义的词，且能够和live within搭配，所以只有［A］为正确选项。

38.选［C］。本题要求区分动词。［A］regard以为……；［B］impress给……留下印象；［C］influence影响；［D］effect使实施。文章要表达的意思是"通讯革命对工作、休闲以及我们思考和感受时空的方式都产生了影响"，所以［C］是正确选项。

39.选［B］。本题要求区分形容词。所给四个选项的意思分别是［A］competitive竞争性的；［B］controversial有争议的，可能引起争论的；［C］distracting转移注意力的；［D］ irrational不理智的。从文章内容来看，只有［B］是修饰views(观点)的最佳选项。

40.选［C］。本题要求区分介词词义。空格前后的benefits和harmful outcomes(有害结果)是对立关系，四个选项中能够体现这种关系的介词只有［C］against.


第三部分：
41.选［C］。本题是一个概述性题目，不考查细节。文章的第一句指出，"要想在讲话的时候使用幽默让他人发笑，你必须要知道如何辨明听众共同的经历和问题。"第三句又指出"问题又因听众不同而不同"。综合这两句话的意思，即是［C］项表述的意思。［B］项是从具体的事例而来，不确切。［D］是对文章第一段第二句中"in sympathy with their point of view"的曲解，文章的意思是"赞同他们的观点"，而不是［D］项所表述的"同情你的听众"。［A］是一个强干扰项，意思是"利用不同种类的听众"。但从文章内容来看，要使幽默有效的方法不是"利用听众"，而是［C］所表达的"与不同的人谈不同的问题"。

42.选［B］。文章第二段的最后的两句为本题提供了线索，表明了护士对医生的看法，即［B］项表达的内容"医生对他们上帝般的角色有清醒的认识。"

43.选［D］。文章第三段的最后一句指出，"(与谈论食堂或主席相比)，如果你谈论象邮政服务或电话系统之类的替罪羊会更安全。"由此可推断出公共服务部门经常是资料，即［D］项表述的内容，其他三项都是对文章内容不确切的表达。

44.选［D］。文章第四段中的"natural， casual， off-the-cuff(临时的)relaxed, unforced manner"为本题提供了线索，表明［D］项"尽可能地随意"为正确选项。

45.选［A］。所给四个选项的意思是［A］有效地使用幽默策略。从整篇文章的内容来看，文章通过大量的具体实例说明有效地使用幽默的方法是对不同的人谈论不同的问题。［D］项是一个强干扰项，但文章给的幽默策略就一个，而不是几个不同的策略，所以［D］项是不确切的。

46.选［C］。文章的第一句为本题提供了线索。原文中的devised换成了正确选项中的invention，work that is dangerous， boring， burdensome， or just plain nasty=difficult and dangerous work。［D］项是强干扰项，elite是"精英"的意思，文章没有提及精英人士如何使用聪明的手段来做危险无聊的工作。其他二项［A］、［B］都是对文章内容错误的表达。

47.选［C］。文章第二段指出那种智能型gizmo的出现极大地减少了人类劳动，第二段又给出了具体的事例来说明这种gizmo的作用。可见这种gizmo不是人(专家)，也不是动物(creatures)，也不是程序(programs)，而是机器人，但机器人也属于"器械工具"的类别，即devices。

48.选［D］。首先要读懂题目。该题问的是：现在超出人类能力范围之内的工作是要设计一个机器人，它能……"。文章第三段最后一句是本题解题的关键。本句指出"我们现在不能让机器人具有足够的"常识"，从而使它们与变化的世界发生可靠的互动"。原句中reliably internet with a dynamic world换成了正确选项中的respond independently to a changing world.文章第二段指出有些机器人能够执行如脑部形科手术这样的细微任务，所以［A］项错误，［B］项"和人类进行语言互动"在文章中没有提及，［C］项中的a little错误。

49.选［B］。文章第三段第二句为本题提供了线索。机器人能够处理某个特定错误是我们告诉它们该如何做的，也就是human interventin(人类干预)的结果。［A］项是一个强干扰项，但第三段第一句的时态是将来时，表示一种没有实现的活动或设想，此句表明机器人还不能够自己做出决定，所以该项也是错误的。［C］、［D］两项是对文章内容错误的表述。

50.选［C］。文章最后一段的倒数第二句用了猴子的例子。使用该例是要说明"the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant(人脑能够扫视一个快速变化的场景，还能迅速忽略那些占总量98%的不相关的内容)换句话就是说机器人还没有这样的能力，因此把上述意思换成否定就是［C］项，就专注于相关信息而言，机器人比人脑差远了。

51.选［B］。题目问的是：最近油价上涨的主要原因是什么?文章第二句给出了答案，即supply cuts.［D］项是一个强干扰项。文章第二段第一句表明本周伊拉克暂缓石油出口又使油 价上涨，但需要考虑的是题目间的油价上涨向往主要原因，所以［D］项是不确切的。［A］、［C］两项的内容在文中没有提及。

52.选［D］。文章第三段第二句指出原油价格只是看油价格中的一小部分。第三句则以欧洲的例子说明税收高达石油零售价的五分之四。由此可以推断出［A］项"原油价格上升"是错误的，而［D］项"石油税上升"是正确的选项。［B］、［C］两项的文章中没有明确阐述。

53.选［D］。文章的内容第四段第五句中的数字0.25-0.5%表明在富裕国家石油价格的变化不会对GDP(国内生产总值)产生重大影响。解答此题时要先抓住题眼"Economic Outlook"这本杂志的名称，然后快速在文章中定位该题眼，仔细分析它所表述的意思。

54.选［A］。本题是推理性题目，所得出的结论肯定是没有在文中明确表述过的。从文章最后一段来看，石油价格的冲击不再那么令人震惊了，因为作者说"我们不能为石油价格的上涨而失眠的另一个原因是石油价格上涨没有发生在整体农产品价格膨胀和全球需求过度的环境下，这与20世纪70个代的石油涨价不同"。这句也表明［B］项"通货膨胀似乎和油价冲击无关"是错误的选项。［C］、［D］两项的内容在文章中没有表述。

55.选［A］。本题要求推断作者的语气和态度。文章最后一段是最明显的线索。另外第三段第一句也指出"Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s (但也有很好的理由盼望现在的经济后果会比二十世纪七十年代的情况乐观)第四段第一句也表明了对石油涨价后果持乐观态度的原因，因为"Rich economies are also less dependent on ill then they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price(富有经济体对石油的依赖性较以前有所下降，因而对石油价格变动的敏感度也降低。)

56.选［B］。文章第二段第一句是本题的解题线索。最高法院判决由医生帮助的自杀是不符合宪法的，因此病人和医生都没有权利采取这样的行动。［A］项是对文章第三段第一句内容的错误理解，本项中的used to do sth.表示"以前做过……"。［C］项与文章内容不符。［D］项suicied前没有定语修饰词physician-assisted，因而也是不确切的。

57.选［C］。文章第五段第一句是本题的线索，本句的大意是：高剂量的去痛药可由医生开处方。［A］项"如果医生冒险让病人死亡，他们就会被发现有罪"与原文内容不符。［B］项"现代医药帮助晚期病人无痛苦恢复"明显错误。［D］项"医生的用药不能由他的用意来决定"也是明显错误的。

58.选［B］。文章第七段最后一句是本题线索，表明了临终关怀的两个问题。一是under treatment of pain(对痛苦缺乏治疗)，二是无效的，强加的医疗程序延长甚至抵毁了死亡时间。［B］项中的inadequate treatment相当于under treatment。［A］项是强干扰项，意思是"拖长的医疗程序"，但原文指的是无效的医疗程度会拖长病人的死亡时间，而不是说这些医疗程度被拖长了。所以［A］项错误。

59.选［A］。文章第七段最后一句中的ineffectual和forced表明了aggressive的意思，即"无效的，强加于人的"。所给四个选项中只有［A］bold(大胆的，鲁莽的)意思与此意接近。其他三项都不符合。

60.选［D］。文章最后一段最后一句是本题的线索。Annals认为"医学证书委员会"必须声明病人痛苦死亡是由不合格的管理引起的，其结果是要暂停医生的执业执照"。所给四个选项中只有［D］项提及了病人不必要受的痛苦，为正确选项。

61.翻译难点
1)表语从句的主句是almost all of what is called behavioral science,可翻译为"所谓的行为科学。"
2)trace…to…意为"追溯……的根源"。
3)state of mind心态，traits of character性格特点(征)。
参考译文：困难之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎都依旧从心态、情感、性格、特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。

62.翻译难点
1)Partly because部分原因(由于)。原因状语从句在句末可采用"之所以……是因为……的翻译句式。
2)explanatory items解释依据(证据)。
参考译文：行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释一直很难找到。

63.翻译难点
1)两分句之间虽然由and连接，但意思上都是对比的，因此翻译成"然而"。
2)a litlle more仅仅
3)介词短语in edition(在进化中)，in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual(塑造和保持个体行为中)都翻译成状语。
4)formulate明确地表达，阐明参考译文：自然选择在进化中的作用仅仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。

64.翻译难点
1)They 指前一句中的freedom and dignity(自由和尊严)，可翻译出，也可翻成"它们"。
2)of traditional theory 翻成man的定语"传统理论中的自主人"。
3)practices(做法)，意义抽象，可活译。
参考译文：自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论中的自主人所拥有的财产，也是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并且因其业绩给予肯定时所必需的。

65.翻译难点
1)until引导从句，主句用肯定形式，可翻译成"如果……不……"。
2)it指研究行为的技术手段受排斥这件事。
3)and引导的是一个省略句，补充完整是with it possibly the only way to solved our problems will also continue to be rejected.
参考译文：(如果)这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的惟一方式也可能随之继续受到排斥。

第四部分 写作
Cultures--National and International
In this picture, there is an American girl in traditional Chinese costumes. Wearing typically Chinese head wears and a red-and-white-patterned blouse, the girl looks very beautiful with a sweet smile on her face.
The picture shows national cultures have no boundary and may be appreciated and shared by people from other cultural backgrounds. As can be seen from the picture, the traditional Chinese costume which the American girl has on suits her very well and the girl's smile indicates. She enjoys wearing this costume very much. As part of Chinese national culture, the costume's being accepted and appreciated by the girl mirrors how the national culture develops in this increasingly multicultural world where different cultures keep interacting with each other.
With the intensification of the globalization process, the interaction of different cultures has become an inexorable trend. For one thing, the worldwide economic globalization has enhanced exchanges between different cultures in such a way as the inflow and outflow of talents over national boundaries. For another, as a dynamic entity, the national culture itself has to go internationally-oriented in order to alive further development. To get internationally accepted and appeared, the national culture must uphold the best of its traditions and values and draw on the very good points of other cultures. Only in this way can the national culture remain an open process that is capable of further development.
(228words)

评注：文章严格遵守所给题纲，内容全面，（论点新颖）论述逻辑性强，句式灵活，语言精确。
1）第一段就图画的内容进行了细致的描述。第一句话用there be结构，第二句正确地运用了现在分词短语，句式得体。
2）第二段就图画的含义进行论述。第一句是本段的主题句，指出一国文化没有国界，可以被其他文化的人民欣赏和吸收。第二句as使用恰当，定语从句和宾语从名的使用的很灵活。
3）第三段就上述文化现象进行评论，给予两条原因，分别用for one thing和for another来引导，具有很强的逻辑性。另外，本段语言精炼。最后一句用一个倒装句巧妙地结束了全文。



2002年1月研究生入学考试听力

Part A
Margaret Welch was born in Philadelplia in 1901. She began her studies at Depore University in 1919, but after a year, she transferred to study at Barnard University, majoring in sociology. She received her undergraduate degree from Barnard in 1923. She automatically acquired a Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1929. She married Dr. Reel Fortune in 1928.Together they wrote Growing Up in New Guinea, published in 1930. Welch worked with her husband on another book, called Darlinea's Character that was published in 1942. At the age of 23, Dr. Welch undertook a field study in the South Pacific. The experience resulted in her writing of a highly popular book Coming of Age in Samovar, published in 1928. Dr. Welch's interests and writings centered on religions. She worked in the Department of Anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History from 1926 through to the end of her life. She was a professor of anthropology at Columbia, starting in the year of 1954 working with her odd associate Ruth Benedict. She wrote a book entitled An Anthropologist at Work about Benedict. It was published in 1959. Margaret welch died in 1978.

Part B
When I was getting divorced in 1975, reporters and cameramen were camped out for days in the lobby and on the sidewalk outside. They came from all over the country. Foreign reporters, too. It was terrible. My neighbors could barely get in and out of the building. One reporter, who had been a friend of mine, got up to my apartment after persuading the doorman into believing that he was there on a personal visit. I wouldn't let him in:"He just wanted to talk,"he said. I was certain that he had a camera and wanted a picture of me looking depressed. TV is the worst. TV reporters present themselves having the perfect right to be anywhere, to ask any question. It doesn't matter how personal the mather may be. People don't trust the press the way they used to. In most cases, stories are sensationalized in order to attract more public attention. Some papers present things that are simply not true. In many papers, if a correction has to be made, if it usually buried among advertisements. I received hundreds of letters from people asking me "How do you know what's true in the press these days?" I find it difficult to respond sometimes. I tell them that there are good newspapers and serious responsible and honest reporters. Don't judge all of us by the standards of the bad ones. Unless the guys are on the top, the editors and news directors take firm action, presuming no one is going to believe anything they read in the papers or see on television news.

Part C

Question 11-13
Next time you bring your kids in for a checkup, don't be surprised if the doctor asks about their tastes and entertainment. The American Academy of Medicine suggested last week that doctors work with parents to evaluate how much TV kids watch and what they see, what video and computer games they play, which website they visit on the internet, whether they play, website they visit on the Internet, whether they view R-rated videos with the company of their parents, what music they like and what books they read. Doctors are worried that kids who spend too much time in front of the tube don't get enough exercise and can become overweight. The Academy is also concerned that the message the kids get from entertainment media can make them more violent and sexually active. The Academy recommends that children under age two not watch any TV."Children need activities to stimulate the brain during the first two years of life", says Doctor Marien Barren, who chair the Academy's Committee on public education. "They need feedback and socialization. Older children," she says, "should watch TV in a common area. Their dedrooms should be electronic media free zones where they could have a quiet place to read, study, play or just relax.

Questions 14-16
If you are in your twenties, you own your first car, your career is more or less launched, and you are starting looking forward to owning a home, but you're worried, too. Perhaps you've got some debt. You probably don't have much in the way of savings. And without your expenses, it doesn't look like you will be able to improve the situation soon. If you wonder how to cut corners, there's an obvious place to look at your spending habits. Do you buy a soda each weekend? Waste one dollar a day for forty years and when you set to retire, you find your account short by one hundred and ninety thousand dollars. Grab the calculator and you discover that over forty years going out to dinner twice a month at forty dollars each time, a month to have a million. Even a pack-a-day cigarettes habit will lighter your retirement account by three hundred and thirty thousand dollars. And the some with cable TV. And those cool areas. They will probably amount to as much as one million. So, the first clue to accumulating wealth is this-focus on your spending habits. Here are a couple of tricks to help you save even if you swear you can't afford to. Start buying things that fall rather than rise in value, pay yourself first. Before you pay the monthly bills, send 25 dollars to a mutual fund. Stop spending coins. From now on, spend only paper currency and keep the change every day. Get your family involved, and you'll double your saving. Use discount tickets at the supermarket, but we them correctly, How? If you really want to make these tickets worth while, you actually must invest into your mutual fund the amount you save by using the ficklest. Otherwise, you're wasting your time and your money.

Questions 17-20
Interviewer: Mr. Glieberman, do you see any change in high rate of broken marriages?
Glieberman: The divorce rate is beginning to level off and probably will begin to drop in the next year or two, though not significantly. The tightened economy has made it more difficult for troubled couples to handle all their costs associated with setting up separate households. Also, I believe there is a comeback of thought after the turbulent 60s and 70s that the family does have valve. In the midst of change and family disintegration, people seem to have a greater desire now to create stability in their lives.

Interviewer: What is the divorce rate now?

Glieberman: About one in three marriages ends in divorce, a ratio far higher than it was twenty years ago when the philosophy was"we will sort it out no matter what." Society demands that for appearance's sake we stay together. Divorce no longer carries much disgrace. There is no way, for example, that Ronald Reagan, a divorced man, could have been elected president in 1960, And there are countless other divorced politicians who, years age, would have been voted out of office if they had even considered a divorce, let alone gotten one. The same was true in the corporate structure where divorced people rarely moved up the executive ladder. Now corporations welcome a divorced man because they can shift him around the country without worrying about relocating his family or making certain that they are happy.