第二天 6.19 
 
一、写作步骤： 
1. skim the question and write the introduction 
2. input the topic sentence. 找出问题所在，一个问题一句话 
3. develop the body paragraphs one by one. 逐一展开问题段落，按重要性递
减的规律展开 
4. conclusion（略） 
5. checking 
 
二、开头段的写作： 
找出原论证的结论或主张，指出原论证的论据和假设，指出原论证的逻辑错误。 
忠实的保留原始信息。 用自己的词保留原始信息。 
 In this argument / analysis, the arguer concludes / claims that…..To 
support / justify the conclusion , the arguer points out / provides the evidence 
that …and that… In addition , the arguer reasons (推理) that ….. This 

argument suffers from several critical fallacies / flaws. 
 
三、SURVEY 问题： 
1. vague => misleading (majority, percent, base number, few, many) 
2. question: what questions will ask in the survey? 
 Loaded questions 有误导性的问题 
3. Who 
4. Average 平均数不适合于每个成员 
5. Confusing causal relationship with correlation 混淆因果关系与相关性 
 Every causal relationship implies a correlation, but the statistical correlation 
does not necessarily implies a causal relation. 
6. When was the survey conducted? 
7. Are respondents (授调查者) being forthright (直率，说真话) ? 

Image men / essence men 
 
闪光句型: 
 
1. the arguer over simplifies the issue of… 
2. the arguer unfairly assumes that… 
3. the arguer fails take into account other factors that … 
4. the procedure of the survey might be problematic.