Time—35 minutes

25 Questions

Directions： The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer； that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer, blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

1. The translator of poetry must realize that word-for-word equivalents do not exist across languages, any more than piano sounds exist in the violin. The violin can, however, play recognizably the same music as the piano, but only if the violinist is guided by the nature and possibilities of the violin as well as by the original composition.

As applied to the act of translating poetry from one language into another, the analogy above can best be understood as saying that

（A） poetry cannot be effectively translated because, unlike music, it is composed of words with specific meanings

（B） some languages are inherently more musical and more suitable to poetic composition than others

（C） the translator should be primarily concerned with reproducing the rhythms and sound patterns of the original, not with transcribing its meaning exactly

（D） the translator must observe the spirit of the original and also the qualities of expression that characterize the language into which the original is translated

（E） poetry is easier to translate if it focuses on philosophical insights or natural descriptions rather than on subjective impressions

2. Behind the hope that computers can replace teachers is the idea that the student's understanding of the subject being taught consists in knowing facts and rules, the job of a teacher being to make the facts and rules explicit and convey them to the student, either by practice drills or by coaching. If that were indeed the way the mind works, the teacher could transfer facts and rules to the computer, which would replace the teacher as drillmaster and coach. But since understanding does not consist merely of knowing facts and rules, but of the grasp of the general concepts underlying them, the hope that the computer will eventually replace the teacher is fundamentally misguided.

Which one of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine the author's conclusion that computers will not eventually be able to replace teachers？

（A） Computers are as good as teachers at drilling students on facts and rules.

（B） The job of a teacher is to make students understand the general concepts underlying specific facts and rules.

（C） It is possible to program computers so that they can teach the understanding of general concepts that underlie specific facts and rules.

（D） Because they are not subject to human error, computers are better than teachers at conveying facts and rules.

（E） It is not possible for students to develop an understanding of the concepts underlying facts and rules through practice drills and coaching.

3. If the city council maintains spending at the same level as this year's, it can be expected to levy a scales tax of 2 percent next year. Thus, if the council levies a higher tax, it will be because the council is increasing its expenditure.

Which one of the following exhibits a pattern of reasoning most closely similar to that of the argument above？

（A） If house-building costs are not now rising, builders cannot be expected to increase the prices of houses. Thus, if they decrease the prices of houses, it will be because that action will enable them to sell a greater number of houses.

（B） If shops wish to reduce shoplifting, they should employ more store detectives. Thus, if shops do not, they will suffer reduced profits because of their loss from stolen goods.

（C） If the companies in the state do not increase their workers' wages this year, the prices they charge for their goods can be expected to be the same as they were last year. Thus, if the companies do increase prices, it will be because they have increased wages.

（D） If airlines wish to make profits this year that are similar to last year's, they should not increase their prices this year. Thus, if they charge more, they should be expected to improve their services.

（E） If newspaper publishers wish to publish good papers, they should employ good journalists. Thus, if they employ poor journalists, it will not be surprising if their circulation falls as a result.

4. The mind and the immune system have been shown to be intimately linked, and scientists are consistently finding that doing good deeds benefits one's immune system. The bone marrow and spleen, which produce the white blood cells needed to fight infection, are both connected by neural pathways to the brain. Recent research has shown that the activity of these white blood cells is stimulated by beneficial chemicals produced by the brain as a result of magnanimous behavior.

The statements above, if true, support the view that

（A）good deeds must be based on unselfish motives

（B）lack of magnanimity is the cause of most serious illnesses

（C）magnanimous behavior can be regulated by the presence or absence of certain chemicals in the brain.

（D）magnanimity is beneficial to one's own interests

（F） the number of white blood cells will increase radically if behavior is consistently magnanimous

5. The high cost of productions is severely limiting which operas are available to the public. These costs necessitate reliance on large corporate sponsors, who in return demand that only the most famous operas be produced. Determining which operas will be produced should rest only with ticket purchasers at the box office, not with large corporate sponsors. If we reduce production budgets so that operas can be supported exclusively by box-office receipts and donations from individuals, then the public will be able to see less famous operas.

Which one of the following, if true, would weaken the argument？

（A） A few ticket purchasers go to the opera for the sake of going to the opera, not to see specific operatic productions.

（B） The reduction of opera production budgets would not reduce the desire of large corporate sponsors to support operas.

（C） Without the support of large corporate sponsors, opera companies could not afford to produce any but the most famous of operas.

（D） Large corporate sponsors will stop supporting opera productions if they are denied control over which operas will be produced.

（E） The combination of individual donations and box-office receipts cannot match the amounts of money obtained through sponsorship by large corporations.

6. When machines are invented and technologies are developed, they alter the range of choices open to us. The clock, for example, made possible the synchronization of human affairs, which resulted in an increase in productivity. At the same time that the clock opened up some avenues, it closed others. It has become harder and harder to live except by the clock, so that now people have no choice in the matter at all.

Which one of the following propositions is best illustrated by the example presented in the passage？

（A） New machines and technologies can enslave as well as liberate us.

（B） People should make a concerted effort to free themselves from the clock.

（C） Some new machines and technologies bring us improvement to our lives.

（D） The increase in productivity was not worth our dependence on the clock.

（E） Most new machines and technologies make our lives synchronized and productive.