英文诗歌用词、词法、句法(四)
英诗词法、句法要点(Poetic Grammar)
词法
动词
1、 动词一般现在时第三人称单数的形式是在动词尾加-th,像liveth,knoweth,hath等等。
如:
From her kennel beneath the rock
She maketh answer to the clock. (Coleridge)
在她岩石下面的洞穴中,
她按照时钟行事。
And in silence prayeth she. (Coleridge)
她默默地祈祷。
2、 现在时及过去时第二人称单数动词词尾加-st的形式,像livest,knowest,sayst,dost,livedst,knewest,saidst,didst,hadst等,此外还有动词shall,will, be的形式为shalt,wilt,art(现在时单数第二人称thou art等于you are),wert(或wast,第二人称,单数过去时thou wert或thou wast等于you were)。上述各种形式均与第二人称单数人称代词thou连用。
如:
Nor care what land thou bearst me to.(Byron)
我不介意你带我前往何方。
With double joy wert thou with me. (Byron)
你与我共享双重欢乐。
Thou liest, thou liest, thou little foot-page,
Loud dost thou lie to me! (Scott)
你撒谎,你撒谎,你这个小随从,
你竟敢明目张胆地对我撒谎!
3、 过去时和过去分词的较古老形式。
如:wrought (worked), bade (bid), begat (begot), clove (cleft), crew (crowed), drave (drove), spake (spoke), throve (thrived), clomb (climbed), clad (clothed), bare (bore, "bear"的过去时),broke (broken), lockt (locked), sate (sat)等。
And hark, again, the crowing cock,
How drowsily it crew. (Coleridge)
听,鸡又啼鸣,
那么使人昏然入眠。
Aloft in awful state
The godlike hero sate. (Dryden)
高高在上,令人生畏,
俨如上帝,英雄就位。
And the loud laugh that spake the vacant mind. (Goldsmith)
高亢的笑声说出了心灵的空虚。
形容词
1、 形容词用作名词:
Below the chestnuts, when their buds were glistening to the breezy blue (-sky). (Tennyson)
栗树荫中,嫩果向着漠然的蓝天闪烁。
The dreaded vast (-expanse) of night. (Milton)
令人生畏茫茫无际的黑夜。
Where I used to play on the green (-grass). (Blake)
昔日我常在那绿茵之上嬉戏。
2、使用复合形容词取得简洁效果:
Or in the violet-embroidered vale. (Milton)
在开满了紫罗兰的山谷里。
Before the crimson-circled star. (Tennyson)
在绯红色光环围绕的星星之前。
副词
1、 副词词尾不加-ly:
They praised him soft and low. (Tennyson)
他们柔声低语地赞扬他。
The green trees whispered low and mild. (Longfellow)
绿树轻柔地沙沙私语。
Oh night,
And storm, and darkness, ye are wondrous strong. (Byron)
啊,夜晚,暴风雨和黑代词
aught(anything,任何事物);
naught(nothing,没有什么);
thou,(you,你【主格】),
thee(you,你【宾格】),
thy(your,你的),
thine(your,你的【在元音或h之前】);
yonder,yon(that,在那儿的物或人),
ye(you,你们)
列举以下诗行为例:
1、Tell me, thou star, whose wings of light,
Speed thee in thy fiery light.
(Shelley)
thou=you【主】,thee=you【宾】,thy=your
你,星星,告诉我,谁的光亮翅膀,
在你的灼热光亮中使你疾翔……
2、I saw thee weep.
(Byron)
thee=you
我看见了你在哭泣。
2、Near yonder thorn, that lifts its head on high…
(Goldsmith)
yonder=that
临近那蒺藜,它高高昂起了它的头……
连接词:
albeit(although,尽管、虽然);
ere(before,在……以前)
When in one night, ere glimpse of morn…
(Milton)
ere=before
在一个夜晚,瞥见晨曦之前……
前置词:
anent(concerning,关于),amidst(among,在……当中),athwart(across,横跨);
betwixt(between,在……中间)
She drew her casement curtain by, and glanced athwart the glooming flats.
(Tennyson)
athwart=across
她拉开窗帘,
目光横掠过阴郁的旷野。
2、-ly结尾的副词以-lier的形式表示比较级:
You have taken it wiselier than I meant you should. (Shakespeare)
你已经泰然处之,胜过我所期望于你。
Strange friend, present, and to be:
Loved deeplier, darklier understood. (Tennyson)
现在和将来的陌生朋友:
爱得更深,体谅得更知己。