Chapter 32

There are many examples of animals coming to surprising living arrangements. All are instances of that animal equivalent of anthropomorphism: zoomorphism, where an animal takes a human being, or another animal, to be one of its kind.

The most famous case is also the most common: the pet dog, which has so assimilated humans into the realm of doghood as to want to mate with them, a fact that any dog owner who has had to pull an amorous dog from the leg of a mortified visitor will confirm.

Our golden agouti and spotted paca got along very well, conentedly huddling together and sleeping against each other until the first was stolen.

I have already mentioned our rhinoceros-and-goat herd, and the case of circus lions.

There are confirmed stories of drowning sailors being pushed up to the surface of the water and held there by dolphins, a characteristic way in which these marine mammals help each other.

A case is mentioned in the literature of a stoat and a rat living in a companion relationship, while other rats presented to the stoat were devoured by it in the typical way of stoats.

We had our own case of the freak suspension of the predator-prey relationship. We had a mouse that lived for several weeks with the vipers. While other mice dropped in the terrarium disappeared within two days, this little brown Methuselah built itself a nest, stored the grains we gave it in various hideaways and scampered about in plain sight of the snakes. We were amazed. We put up a sign to bring the mouse to the public's attention. It finally met its end in a curious way: a young viper bit it. Was the viper unaware of the mouse's special status? Unsocialized to it, perhaps? Whatever the case, the mouse was bitten by a young viper but devoured-and immediately-by an adult. If there was a spell, it was broken by the young one. Things returned to normal after that. All mice disappeared down the vipers' gullets at the usual rate.

In the trade, dogs are sometimes used as foster mothers for lion cubs. Though the cubs grow to become larger than their caregiver, and far more dangerous, they never give their mother trouble and she never loses her placid behaviour or her sense of authority over her litter. Signs have to be put up to explain to the public that the dog is not live food left for the lions (just as we had to put up a sign pointing out that rhinoceros are herbivores and do not eat goats).

What could be the explanation for zoomorphism? Can't a rhinoceros distinguish big from small, tough hide from soft fur? Isn't it plain to a dolphin what a dolphin is like? I believe the answer lies in something I mentioned earlier, that measure of madness that moves life in strange but saving ways. The golden agouti, like the rhinoceros, was in need of companionship. The circus lions don't care to know that their leader is a weakling human; the fiction guarantees their social well-being and staves off violent anarchy. As for the lion cubs, they would positively keel over with fright if they knew their mother was a dog, for that would mean they were motherless, the absolute worst condition imaginable for any young, warm-blooded life. I'm sure even the adult viper, as it swallowed the mouse, must have felt somewhere in its undeveloped mind a twinge of regret, a feeling that something greater was just missed, an imaginative leap away from the lonely, crude reality of a reptile.

第三十二章

    动物往往会进入令人惊讶的生活状态，这方面的例子有很多，都是与人化论相对应的动物界中的兽化论的例子，即动物将人类或另一只动物，当做自己的同类。

    最著名的也是最常见的例子是：宠物狗在其狗的世界中很大程度地接受了人类，甚至想和他们结成伴侣。任何一位不得不将含情脉脉的狗从窘迫的客人的腿上拉下来的主人都将证明这一点。

    我们的金色刺豚鼠和斑点无尾刺豚鼠相处得非常好，在金色刺豚鼠被偷走之前它们一直满意地挤在一起，紧挨着睡觉。

    我已经提到过我们的犀牛和山羊成群结伴的例子，还有马戏团的狮子的例子。

    关于海豚将溺水的船员推到水面上并帮助他们浮在水面上的故事已经得到证实，这是海洋哺乳动物相互帮助的典型方式。

    文献中提到过一只白鼬和一只大鼠相互为伴生活在一起的例子，当人们把其他大鼠丢给白鼬时，它以白鼬特有的方式把那些大鼠都吞吃了。

    我们自己的动物园里也有给人怪异悬念的捕食者一被捕食者关系。有一只老鼠和一群蝰蛇一起生活了好几个星期。其他被丢进饲养箱的老鼠都在一两天之内不见了，而这只棕色的小玛土撤拉（玛土擞拉：基督教<圣经·创世纪>中以诺之子，据传享年96岁。）帮为自己筑了一个窝，把我们给它的谷子储藏在好几个它躲藏的地方，而且就在蛇的眼皮底下跑来跑去。我们感到非常惊奇。我们竖丁一块牌子，让游客注意这只老鼠。最终它以一种奇怪的方式结束了生命：一条小蝰蛇咬了它一口。这条蝰蛇没有意识到这只老鼠的特殊地位吗？也许是不适应它？不管是什么情况，这只老鼠被一条小蝰蛇咬了一口，却被一条大蝰蛇吞了下去，而且是立刻吞了下去。如果有什么魔咒的话，那么魔咒被小蝰蛇打破了。

    在那之后，一切恢复了正常。所有老鼠都以正常的速度消失在蝰蛇的食管里。在我们这一行，狗常常被用来充当幼狮的乳母。尽管幼狮长大了，长得比养育它们的狗更大，也更危险，但是它们从不找母亲的麻烦，而狗的行为还是一直是那么平和，它也从未失去对小狮崽的权威感。我们不得不竖起牌子，向游客解释，狗并不是给狮子的活食（就像我们不得不竖起牌子，指出犀牛是食草动物，它们不吃山羊）。

    兽化论该如何解释？难道犀牛不能分辨大小，也不能分辨粗糙的皮和柔软的毛吗？难道海豚不清楚海豚长什么样吗？我相信以前我已经提到过答案，那就是那几分疯狂使动物走上了奇怪的却能挽救生命的道路。金色刺豚鼠和犀牛一样，需要伙伴。马戏团的狮子不愿意知道领头的是一个弱小的人；想像保证了它们安康的社会地位，避免充满暴力的无政府状态。至于幼狮，如果它们知道自己的母亲是一只狗，一定会吓得晕倒在地，因为那就意味着它们没有母亲．这对任何一只幼小的热血动物来说都是最最糟糕的事情。我敢保证即使是那条成年蝰蛇，当它吞下老鼠的时候，它那不发达的大脑的某个部分一定因为后悔而感到一阵难过，那是刚刚错过了某件更加重大的事情的感觉，是爬行动物的孤独而粗陋的现实中的一个想像的飞跃。