各种从句的构成和意义---定语从句与英语中的其他定语结构

练习：
难度：A/B级
In the Global Economy
Most nations today -- regardless of their degree of economic development or their political philosophies – recognize the importance of marketing. Indeed, economic growth in developing nations depends greatly on the ability to design effective marketing systems for their raw materials and industrial output.
Today, a global marketplace is emerging(形成). In many (perhaps most) national markets, companies of numerous countries compete aggressively(激烈地).
Consider the U.S. market for example. Until the late 1970s, the United States provided a large domestic market for American firms, and there was no significant(重大的) foreign competition in most industries in that market. But the picture changed dramatically(显著地) through the 1980s as foreign firms improved their products and their marketing expertise, and then successfully entered the American market. Many imported products have achieved large sales --- office equipment, autos, apparels(衣服), watches, semiconductors, and consumer electronics for example. As a result the United States has been running large annual trade deficits(赤字), meaning that imports greatly exceed exports.
In the early 1980s, the competition facing U.S. firms came primarily from Japanese companies. Later, companies in the four " Asian tigers " added to competitive pressures. In the 1990s, continuing competition from these Pacific Rim (边缘)countries and regions will be augmented(扩张) by a new challenge from Western Europe. Starting in 1992, the 12-nation European community will eliminate(消除)internal trade barriers and adopt uniform technical, financial, and marketing standards. A more integrated(完整的) European Community will open major marketing opportunities for internationally -- minded U.S. firms, but at the same time, it is expected to stiffen(使变猛烈) competition.
More and more American firms -- many large ones and even some rather small ones -- are moving into foreign markets. Many companies are concluding that achieving profit and growth objectives is most likely through a combination of domestic and international marketing rather than sole reliance on domestic marketing.
注：带有下划线的结构是我们挑出的带有定语的结构。

1.不定式结构
上文中用不定式作定语的结构是：
the ability to design effective marketing systems for their raw materials and industrial output.
提示：不定式作定语要放在所修饰的词的后面; 如果不定式结构中的动词和所修饰的名词是动宾关系时要注意不定式结构的主动和被动的选择;如果不定式结构使用的动词是不及物动词时往往需要在该动词后加上介词。
e.g. I have a book to read.
Comp: I have a book to be read.
Comp: The silk feels very soft.
e.g. She needs a friend to play with.
e.g. I want a pen to write with.
2.介词结构
上文中用介词短语作定语的结构是：
their degree of economic development
the importance of marketing
economic growth in developing nations
companies of numerous countries
continuing competition from these Pacific Rim (边缘)countries and regions
a new challenge from Western Europe
注意：介词结构做定语只能位于被修饰词的后面;
e.g. I want the book on the desk.
e.g. Can you see the girl in front of the shop?
3.动名词
上文中没有用动名词作定语的结构。
注意：动名词作定语的结构相当于介词结构for。
e.g. I have had our washing machined examined. (machine for washing)
e.g. We just returned from the reading room. (room for reading)
4.分词(现在分词/过去分词)
上文中用分词作定语的结构是：
Many imported products;
A more integrated(完整的) European Community;
the competition facing U.S. firms;
continuing competition from these Pacific Rim (边缘)countries and regions
internationally -- minded U.S. firms
注意：分词作定语可放在被修饰的名词的前面或后面; 单个现在分词作定语时，放在被修饰的词的前面;单个过去分词作定语时，放在被修饰的词前，但有时为了强调，也可以放在被修饰的词的后面。
注意：分词短语作定语时，一般总是放在它所修饰的词之后
e.g. The man leaning against the window is his youngest son.
e.g. The computer made in our factory has been used to sell tickets to concerts.
5.名词
上文中用名词作定语的结构是：
marketing expertise
office equipment;
consumer electronics;
trade barriers
marketing opportunities;
growth objectives
the U.S. market
trade deficit
注意：名词修饰名词时起修饰作用的名词只能用作单数。
e.g. Woman workers should be equally treated as male workers.
注意：有些名词是以复数的形式作修饰语的。
e.g. The customs procedure is not as difficult as you imagined.
e.g. Goods examination is necessary for the safety of us customers.
注意：注意辨别形容词作修饰语和名词作修饰语的可能词义差别。
e.g. He is an efficiency expert.
comp: He is an efficient expert.
6.形容词/复合形容词结构
上文中用形容词作定语的结构是：
Most nations;
economic development;
political philosophies;
economic growth;
large annual trade deficits
上文中用复合形容词作定语的结构是：
the 12-nation European community;
internationally -- minded U.S. firms
形容词作定语时要注意1。所修饰的名词的可数/不可数的性质;2。习惯搭配;
e.g. He paid much attention to the work unfinished.
e.g. Through news media have we got most/much information we need.
e.g. China is known for a large population.
e.g. We met a heavy traffic just now.
e.g. To him we owned a large/huge debt.
e.g. He earned large sums of money.