连词，代词及冠词的语法功能及复习要点

 相关背景知识介绍：

e.g. Where (…的地方)there’s a will(意志)there’s a way(道路). /有志者事竟成。(there be/存在句型)
(2004年综合阅读判断试题)
(from Riches and R omance from France’s Wine Harvest)
(Riches (rich + es) 财富，财宝; e.g. the riches of knowledge 知识的宝库。)
Traditionally, people used to take off their shoes and crush the grapes with their bare feet to bring out the juice. Nowadays, this practice is usually carried out by machines.
used to: 过去常常…;
take off：脱掉，起飞;
bare：裸的，裸体的;无遮蔽的;
carry out:开展;贯彻，实行，执行
their –people;
this (practice) -- take off their shoes and crush the grapes with their bare feet to bring out the juice

小结：

1. 代词通常前指，指代前文中出现的内容。
2. 在确认代词的指代对象时，要注意该代词所在的结构在其所在句子中具有的含义。e.g. their (shoes) – people; their (feet) – people; this (practice) -- take off their shoes and crush the grapes with their bare feet to bring out the juice
3. 同一句中， 相邻句中同一代词的指代内容一致;e.g. people used to take off their shoes and crush the grapes with their bare feet to bring out
在2003年综合类C级别的阅读理解文章中，在2003年理工类C级阅读理解的文章中都“不约而同”地在阅读文章中对代词的指代内容和冠词的指代内容进行“直接”的考察，现在职称英语考试已经基本上不对不定冠词进行考察了，对于不定冠词a/an，只需要有这样的认识：它们与可数名词连用，表示种类或者数量上的单数。如：
e.g. I am a student. 我是学生。(a student表示“类别”)
e.g. A man left a message to you. (a man(一个人)和a message(一条信息)都是表示单数的概念。)
(from New Foods and the New world) 综合类C
New foods: foods 是物质名词， 物质名词的前面不出现冠词;
the New world 是由普通名词构成的专有名词， 特指美国的北部，中部和南部地区。
32. “Some” in the last sentence of the first paragraph refers to
A. some cocoa trees
B. some chocolate drinks
C. some shops
D. some South American Indians
问题问及代词some在句中的指代内容。 首先找到这个词所在的句子：相关语句：In London, shops where chocolate drinks were served became important meeting places. Some still exist today.
C. 解题线索：搭配结构：exist可以与前三个选项形成“通顺”的搭配结构，前句中可能与some形成呼应的复数名词有： shops, chocolate drinks, meeting places。 接下来有两个确认答案的方法：1。借助句意;2。借助前后句之间在时态上的特点： 从时态上看：过去时态和现在时态的对比正好说明了“shops”过去和现在的不同)。借助这两个方法都可以确认C(一些商店)是答案。
2003年理工C阅读理解的一道考题：
(London’s First Light Rail System)
43. “This line ” in paragraph 3 refers to
A. the line from the Tower Gateway Station to Poplar
B. the line from Poplar to Island Gardens
C. the Millwall Extension Railway
D. the line from Poplar to Stratford
相关语句：From Poplar to Island Gardens, a new line crosses high above the dock waters, and then joins the old track of the Millwall Extension Railway, built to service the Millwall Docks (1868) and to provide transport for workers in the local factories. This line was horse-drawn for part of its route, until the 1880s.
C. 首先找到“This line ”所在的句子，根据代词前指的特点，判断只有B和C可能成为答案(前文中只出现了与B和C呼应的内容)。 the line所在的句子在内容上是在描述“在1880s以前the line(那条铁路)的情况”， 所以我们要选择的答案应该是一条早已经存在了的铁路，因此判断答案是C(原文内容表明the line from Poplar to Island Gardens是一条新铁路， 所以不是答案)

线索：时态。

在职称英语中对连词和代词的考察主要出现在文章阅读中，就题型而言主要在完型填空，补全短文，阅读理解这样的题型中涉及到。而对冠词的考察主要是在补全短文和阅读理解这样的题型中出现。而实际上考题中大都是间接或直接地在对这几种词类进行考察。连词的考察一般直接出现在完型填空题和对文章句意的理解上;代词的出现表明该词与其所在句子的前句或后句之间指代关系，在代词的学习中一定要形成代词大都是前指的概念。如：看见that就应该知道该词是前指 --指代前文/刚才提到的内容，如：That is what he told me./那就是他所告诉我的话; After that he left./随后他就离开了。而 this可能是后指也可能是前指(绝大多数情况下是前指)。其作后指用是是指代下文或即将谈到的内容，如： Don't laugh when you hear this./听了这个你不要笑。

生活英语常用句：

初次见面：(在彼此获知对方的名字之后，就可以接着说：)
1)--- Hello, nice/pleased to meet you. /--- Nice/pleased to meet you, too.
2)---How are you? /---Fine, thanks. And you?
3)---How do you do?/---How do you do?