四、容易混淆的介词：
[考试说明] 熟练掌握介词in、on、at、to、from、by、with、for、about、before的常见用法；理解这11个介词的其他用法及所学其他介词的一般用法。

1. above & over; below & under

[误] Our classroom is over theirs.

[正] Our classroom is above theirs.

[误] The plane flew above the bridge.

[正] The plane flew over the bridge.

[误] The lights hung above the desk.

[正] The lights hung over the desk.

above、over都表示“在…上面”，且都表示表面不接触的上方，但over指垂直在上，而above则表示位置较高，不一定是正上方。

below、under都表示“在…下面”，below指位置低于某物或在某物的下方，但不一定在某物的正下方，其反义词是above，而under指在某物的正下方，有垂直在下的意思，其反义词是over。

2. by & on & over & through

[误] They’re talking on the radio.

[正] They’re talking by radio.

“通过无线电交谈”习惯上说talk by radio，名词前不加冠词。

“通过收音机听到”习惯上说hear sth. on/over/through the radio，名词前加冠词。

“通过电视看到”习惯上说watch sth. on TV。

“通过电话交谈”习惯上说talk with sb. on/over the telephone。

“通过人造卫星收发电视节目”习惯上说through man-made satellites。

3. in & on & to

[误] Tian wan is to the east of China.

[误] Tian wan is on the east of China.

[正] Tian wan is in the east of China.

表示方位“在……(东西南北)边)时，介词in、on、to有不同的用法。以“在……东部”为例，表示在该地范围之内，用in the east of，表示在该地与某地“相邻”，有接壤之意，用on the east of，表示不在该地范围，且有中间物，用to the east of。

4. in the end & at the end of & by the end of & at last

都有“最后”的意思，但in the end表示“结果，末了”，与at last是同义词组，at the end of表示“在……末端，尽头”，后面要接名词短语，by the end of表示“在……结束时，末了为止”，后面接时间短语。

5. to & for & toward(s)

[误] He is leaving to HongKong next month.

[正] He is leaving for HongKong next month.

to，toward(s)作静态介词，表示静态位置时，均表示“朝……”或“向……”，一般两者可通用，towards指时间“将近”，意思是nearly；to则表示一段时间的终点，“差……到”的意思；for常用在leave、start等后面，表示要去的目的地，不可用to。
五、容易混淆的连词：
[考试说明] 掌握并列连词(如：and、but、or)和从属连词(如：when、if、that等)的基本用法。

1. because & since & as & for

[误] Because he was ill, so he didn’t go to school today.

[正] Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school today.

[正] He didn’t go to school today because he was ill.

because通常表示说话人认为这种理由或原因是正式的理由。在含because的句子中，全句强调的重点在原因上，不在主句的结果上。因此，回答why提出的问题时，只能用because，不能用since、as或for。because of后面只能跟短语，不能跟从句。

since表示的原因，指人们已知的事实，常译为“既然”，引导的从句只是一种附带的说明原因，不是对原因的强调。because与since不能与so连用。

as表示原因与since差别不大，只是语气更弱，是显而易见的理由。

for表示因果关系时，可与because替换使用，所不同的只是它只能放在主句之后，不能放在句首。在含for的句子里，for从句有时只是对主句补充说明理由或推断原因，与前一分句不存在因果关系。

2.either…or… & neither…nor… & not only…but also… & both…and…

[误] Either he or I are right.

[正] Either he or I am right.

前三个连词连接名词、代词等作主语时，谓语动词要与离其最近的主语的单复数一致，both…and…的谓语动词则要用复数。

六、容易混淆的代词：

[考试说明] 熟练掌握人称代词主格、宾格形式及基本用法，在口语和书面语的表达中正确运用；掌握形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的基本用法；掌握反身代词作为宾语和同位语的基本用法；熟练掌握指示代词和疑问代词的基本用法。

1. either & each & none & neither & both & all & some

[误] Either of the books are good.

[正] Either of the books is good.

either/ each / none / neither of+复数名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数， 其中neither的也可用复数；both/ all /some of+复数名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
[模拟练习]
1. Mum, I’m very thirsty. Is there _____ in the fridge?

A. some milkB. any juiceC. any breadD. some cakes

2. –What time is it?

--Sorry. I don’t have a ______.

A. bookB. watchC. penD. picture

3. ______ is ______.

A. Orange, orangeB. Orange, an orange

C. An orange, orange D. An ranges, an orange

4. Oh. It’s time ______.

A. for breakB. to breakC. for a breakD. to a break

5. The novel is very ______. I’m ______ in it.

A. interest, interestB. interesting, interesting

C. interested, interestedD. interesting, interested

6. Although the man lived ______, he didn’t feel ______ because he had quite ______ old friends.

A. lonely, lonely, fewB. alone, alone, few

C. alone, lonely, a fewD. lonely, alone, a few

7. Everyday Mr. Green got ______ the lift and then got ______ his car to go to work.

A. on, offB. into, out, of

C. off, onD. out of, into

8. The jacket is so expensive. It ______ me a lot of money.

A. takesB. spendsC. paysD. costs

9. Don’t throw about the paper. Please ______.

A. pick up itB. pick it upC. picks up itD. picks it up

10. Please hurry up! The plane ______ in a few minutes.

A. takes downB. will take away

C. takes placeD. will take off

11. His brother enjoys ______ football matches.

A. seeingB. lookingC. watchingD. finding

12. You may ______ we go to visit our uncle.

A. sayB. tellC. speakD. talk

13. When we ran to the railway station, the plane just ______.

A. reachedB. gotC. arrivedD. went

14. China has ______ several manmade satellites into space.

A. sent upB. sent forC. sent awayD. sent back

15. You can ______ the book until you finish ______ it.

A. borrow, looking B. lend, watching

C. keep, readingD. return, seeing

16. The box is ______. You can’t put ______ in it.

A. empty, somethingB. empty, anything

C. full, somethingD. full, anything

17. China is a ______ country in the world.

A. bigB. hugeC.tallD. great

18. There is ______ time for me to think. I must leave at once.

A. fewB. a fewC. littleD. a little

19. Girls always try to keep their rooms ______.

A. cleanB. cleaningC. to cleanD. cleans

20. –You look pretty today. --______.

A. You’re right.B. All right.

C. No. You’re not right.D. Thank you.

答案： 1. C 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. C 7. D 8. D 9. B 10. D 11. C 12. A 13. C 14. A 15. C 16. D 17. D 18. C 19. A 20. D