全力直击英语语法:主谓一致
一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。
例:There is much water in the thermos.热水瓶里有很多水。
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。
例:Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.去年产碳1万吨。
1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数
例:Reading and writing are very important.读和写非常重要。注意:主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例:The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.铁和钢对我们的生活非常重要。
2.主谓一致中的靠近原则
1)当there be句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例:a) There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.桌上有一只笔,一把刀和几本书。b) There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有20个男生,23个女生。
2)当either… or…与neither… nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例:a) Either you or she is to go.你或她会去。b) Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.这儿有一只笔,一些信封和给你的几张纸。
3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致。例:
a) The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.老师正在和一些学生参观工厂。
b) He as well as I wants to go boating.我和他都想去划船。
4.谓语需用单数
1)代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语,或主语中含有each, every,谓语需用单数。例:
a) Each of us has a tape-recorder.我们每个人都有一台录音机。
b) There is something wrong with my watch.我的表出了点儿问题。
2) 当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。例: The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. <<天方夜谭>>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。3)表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可,意思不变。)例:
a) Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.有三周的时间来做必要的准备。
b) Ten yuan is enough. 10元钱就够了。
5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1)在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例:
a) All is right.一切顺利。
b) All are present.所有人都到齐了。
2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时,意为这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时表示该个集体。例:
a) His family isn't very large.他家不是一个大家庭。
b) His family are music lovers.他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
Are there any police around?周围有警察吗?
3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority等有时看作单数,有时看作复数。A number of +名词复数+复数动词。The number of +名词复数+单数动词。例:a) A number of books have lent out.许多书已经借出去了。b) The majority of the students like English.大多数学生都喜欢英语
6.与后接名词或代词保持一致
1)用half of, part of, most of, a portion of等词引起主语时,动词通常与of后面的名词,代词保持一致。例:a) Most of his money is spent on books.他的大多数钱都用来买书了。b) Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.大多数学生都积极参加体育运动。
2)在一些短语,如many a 或more than one所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例:
a) Many a person has read the novel.许多人都读过这本书。
b) More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。