Section Ⅰ Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1(10 points)

  The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals,   1   this is largely because,  2   animals ,we stand upright. This means that our noses are   3   to perceiving those smells which float through the air,   4   the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact

  5  , we are extremely sensitive to smells,   6   we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of   7   human smells even when these are   8   to far below one part in one million.

  Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,   9   others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate   10    smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send   11   to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell   12   can suddenly become sensitive to it when   13   to it often enough.

  The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it

  14   to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can   15   new receptors if necessary. This may   16   explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be. We are not   17   of the usual smell of our own house but we   18   new smells when we visit someone else's. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors   19   for unfamiliar and emergency signals   20   the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.

1.  ［A］although      ［B］as           ［C］but        ［D］while

2.  ［A］above         ［B］unlike       ［C］excluding  ［D］besides

3.  ［A］limited       ［B］committed    ［C］dedicated  ［D］confined

4.  ［A］catching      ［B］ignoring     ［C］missing    ［D］tracking

5.  ［A］anyway        ［B］though       ［C］instead    ［D］therefore

6.  ［A］even if       ［B］if only      ［C］only if    ［D］as if

7.  ［A］distinguishing［B］discovering  ［C］determining［D］detecting

8.  ［A］diluted       ［B］dissolved    ［C］determining［D］diffused

9.  ［A］when          ［B］since        ［C］for        ［D］whereas

10. ［A］unusual       ［B］particular   ［C］unique     ［D］typical

11. ［A］signs         ［B］stimuli      ［C］messages   ［D］impulses

12. ［A］at first      ［B］at all       ［C］at large   ［D］at times

13. ［A］subjected     ［B］left         ［C］drawn      ［D］exposed

14. ［A］ineffective   ［B］incompetent  ［C］inefficient［D］insufficient

15. ［A］introduce     ［B］summon       ［C］trigger    ［D］create

16. ［A］still         ［B］also         ［C］otherwise  ［D］nevertheless

17. ［A］sure          ［B］sick         ［C］aware      ［D］tired

18. ［A］tolerate  ［B］repel   ［C］neglect     ［D］notice

19. ［A］availabe  ［B］reliable［C］identifiable［D］suitable

20. ［A］similar to［B］such as ［C］along with  ［D］aside from

1. ［答案］ ［C］

［分析］

这是一道语义辨析题，首先排除选项

［A］although，因为 although 用作连词一般引导让步状语从句。

［B］的 as 在句子中表示因果关系，那么与其后的 because 又重叠，也可排除；选项

［D］的 while 一般表示对比关系，此题的正确答案只能是选项

［C］表示转折连词的 but。

2.［答案］ ［B］

［分析］第是一道语义辨析题，应该选Ｂ选项。句子前半部分的

“compared  with”是一个关键词组，暗示“人类”和“动物”之间实际上是对比关系。首先排除选项［A］above (在上面，在高处)。又［C］excluding 不表示句子成分之间的对比关系，而主要阐明成分之间的包含与被包含的关系。而选项［B］unlike (不同的，不相似的) 可指外表、性质上的不同，表示一种对比关系，因此选［B］

3. ［答案］ ［A］

［分析］这是动词搭配辨析题，第三句话对第二句话的意思进行说明，指出“人的鼻子局限于某些嗅觉－－飘浮于空中的嗅觉”，那么第三空选［Ａ］“ｌｉｍｉｔｅｄ”比较合适。干扰性大的有的选项是［D］confined, 两者均有"局限，限制"的意思，但含义上略有不同。Limit一般只在实践、空间、数量、质量或产量等方面有一个范围或限度，属于中型。而confine择优束缚、羁绊、限制自由或禁闭的隐含意思，它带有一种强制性，因此confine放在句子中与其明显不符，过于强硬和绝对。所以选［A］。

4. ［答案］ ［C］

［分析］ 这是一道语义篇章和词义辨析题。可能出在两个之间，就是人不是不去感知，而是因为直立把许多味道错过了，我们应该选择Ｃ；由前一句话可知，“人的鼻子主要捕捉空中漂浮的嗅觉，而对于黏附于物体表面的嗅觉就可能忽略”，这样［Ｃ］选项“ｍｉｓｓｉｎｇ”为正确答案。

5. ［答案］ ［B］

［分析］ 此题考查的是对上下文语义的理解及连词的使用。尽管我们没有感知到很多地面的气味，如果我们感知的话还是可以感知到的，所以应该选择Ｂ；这里对文章开始的大众观点进行了转折，注意提示词“Ｉｎｆａｃｔ”，正确答案“Ｂ”“ｔｈｏｕｇｈ”，表达了这种转折关系，为正确答案。如果选［Ｃ］或［Ｄ］，那么就与“Ｉｎ ｆａｃｔ”无法搭配。

6. ［答案］ ［A］

［分析］

此题考查的是对句子逻辑关系的理解和掌握。

本题选的是Ａ，假设关系是完型填空当中常考的一种关系——让步关系，意思是

“即使我们一般不会意识到某些嗅觉，但我们仍然对这些东西感觉灵敏”。符合这一要求的只有［Ａ］“ｅｖｅｎｉｆ”。

7. ［答案］ ［D］

［分析］

这是一道动词语义辨析题。

本题选的是Ｄ，一个假设性的，鼻子用来干吗的？是用来感知的，我们选择Ｄ；要求

选一个跟嗅觉能搭配的动词，那么，［Ｄ］选项“ｄｅｔｅｃｔｉｎｇ”是对的。

8. ［答案］ ［A］

［分析］

这仍是一道动词语义辨析题。本题，就它的意思是“即使这些嗅觉的浓度冲淡到原来的百万分之一，人们仍然能够捕捉到这些嗅觉”，是Ａ；词汇的辨认。如果能够知道

［Ａ］选项“ｄｉｌｕｔｅｄ”表示“冲淡”的意思，就能选到这个正确答案。

9. ［答案］ ［D］

［分析］

此题考查的是对句子逻辑关系的理解和连词的使用。

本题选择的是Ｄ，要填的东西必须表达这种对比。很明显，“Ｄ”选项“ｗｈｅｒｅ

ａｓ”是正确答案。表示对比关系。

10. ［答案］ ［B］

［分析］

这是一道语义辨析题，主要考查形容词的辨析。

本题选Ｂ，是“Ｂ”选项“ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ”是正确答案，其他选项放到原文

都不符合逻辑，我们鼻子对某些类别的味道很敏感。

11. ［答案］ ［C］

［分析］

此题考查的是对上下文语义的理解和动词的搭配。

本题是一致性的题，这考察和上次说的我们鼻子的感知信号是一致的，注意句子中间

表示并列关系的连词“ａｎｄ”。前半句说“这些接收器能够感觉到嗅觉”，因此“Ｃ”选

项“ｍｅｓｓａｇｅｓ”是正确答案。

12. ［答案］ ［A］

［分析］

 这是一道句义分析题。本题是根据句子中间的意思“刚开始对某种嗅觉不灵敏的人能够灵敏起来”，这表示嗅觉灵敏度变化的一个过程，而第十二个空涉及的是第一个过程，所以应该是“Ａ”选项“ａｔｆｉｒｓｔ”。

13. ［答案］ ［D］

［分析］

 这是一道动词语义辨析题。本题是接触到某种气味，常见搭配“ｅｘｐｏｓｅｄ to”(接触)。因此，“D”选项“ｅｘｐｏｓｅｄ ｔｏ”为正确答案。

14. ［答案］ ［C］

［分析］

此题考查的是对上下文语义的理解。我们的大脑不是把所有的器官调用的，由该句半部分可以看出：大脑在捕捉嗅觉时是作出了选择的，一方面捕捉必不可少的嗅觉，另一方面又关闭一些嗅觉接收器，这样使嗅觉接收达到最有效的程度。所以选“Ｃ”选项“ｉｎｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔ”。

15. ［答案］ ［D］

［分析］ 此题考查的是对上下文语义的理解和动词的辨析。此题考查的是对上下文语义的理解和动词的辨析。此题与上道题关系紧密，之前说“人类的大脑为了提高其对气味的分辨率，有时会根据情况创造一些新的接受器。”选项［A］introduce(介绍)、［B］summon(传呼，召唤)和［C］trigger(扣动板机)都不能准确表达“创造，产生”之意。而选项［D］create正好可以表达这一意思，因此选择它。

16. ［答案］ ［B］

［分析］

此题考查的是对句子之间逻辑关系的正确和连词的使用。

本题是逻辑题，这里指上述提高嗅觉接收有效率的原理，也能解释另外一种现象：每

个人对于自己的嗅觉不太敏感。 “ａｌｓｏ”是正确答案，选择Ｂ选项。

17. ［答案］ ［C］

［分析］

此题考查的是词组的固定搭配。本题选择Ｃ；一个搭配：“ｂｅ ａｗａｒｅ ｏｆ”（意识到），因此正确答案是“Ｃ”“ａｗａｒｅ”。应该是十七题谓语动词的同义词，也就是“意识到”、“注意到”的意思，那么“Ｄ”选项“ｎｏｔｉｃｅ”为正确答案。

18. ［答案］ ［D］

［分析］

这是一道语篇辨析题，主要考查对句子部分之间逻辑关系的掌握。

本题也是一个替换，鼻子要去感知，我们用Ｄ。

19. ［答案］ ［A］

［分析］

此题考查的是词组的固定搭配。

本题估计出错的考生很多，我们选Ａ，考固定搭配“ａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅｆｏｒ”（可用于），那么“Ａ”选项“ａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅ”为正确答案。

20. ［答案］ ［B］

［分析］

此题考查的是对上下文语义的理解。

本题在这个空的前面提到“不熟悉的和紧急的信号”，后面提到“对烟雾的嗅觉”。所

以，“Ｂ”选项为正确答案“ｓｕｃｈ ａｓ”。 　

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1(40 points)

Text 1

Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.

    The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de waal's; study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their became markedly different.

    In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to ;accept the slice of cucumber Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to reduce resentment in a female capuchin.

  The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions, in the wild, they are a co-operative, groupliving species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by

A. posing a contrast.

B. justifying an assumption.

C. making a comparison.

D. explaining a phenomenon.

22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph l) implies that

A. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.

B. resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature.

C. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.

D. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.

23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are

A. more inclined to weigh what they get.

B. attentive to researchers' instructions.

C. nice in both appearance and temperament.

D. more generous than their male companions

24.Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys

A. prefer grapes to cucumbers.

B. can be taught to exchange things.

C. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.

D. are unhappy when separated from others.

25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.

B. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.

C. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

D. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.

21. ［答案］ ［C］

［分析］

这是一道事实细节题，主要考查文章篇章结构以及作者的意图。

我们应该选择Ｃ，考察第一段的写作手法，明显用的是猴和人之间的相似形的

比较关系。

compare和contrast

是一组同义词，两词均有“比对、比较”的意思，但其侧重点不同：

compare比较的目的可以是为了说明两个事物之间的不同之处，也可以是说明它们之间的相同之处；而contrast是为了说明事物之间的不同之处，有明显的差别。作者此处引用这个例子的目的是为了说明其间的相同之处。

22. ［答案］ ［B］

［分析］

此题主要考查文章中句子的特殊含义和其隐含表达。

答案是Ｂ，也是在把猴子和人做类比，指出猴子与人一样都抱怨不公平，

D属于无中生有，C属于移花接木，本是人与猴之间的对比，被移换为猴与猴之间的关系

23. ［答案］ ［A］

［分析］

这是一道事实细节题。

答案选Ａ，

答案是根据文章第三段第一句话得到的，雌性的猴子被选择做研究，是因为她们更加注重她们获得的东西。

选项B、C、D文中没有提及，排除。

24. ［答案］ ［C］

［分析］

这仍是一道事实细节题。答案选择Ｃ，他们最终的发现是什么，篇章最后两段反复重复，如果没有受到公平的话。

25. ［答案］ ［B］

［分析］

这还是一道事实细节题。作者在文章最后一段从猴子的公平意识谈到人类这种对不公正

待遇的愤慨之情的由来。最后一句中的an unanswered puestion便是此题的答案所在。选项［B］Human indignation evolve from an uncertain source所表达的也正好是这个意思，故为正确答案。

Text 2

    Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill

us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.

  There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report “Science never has all the answers But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”

  Just as on smoking voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. this is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.

  Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”.

  To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin

fashioning conservation measures A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.

26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that

A. there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.

B. the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.

C. people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.

D. antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.

27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as

A. a protector.

B. a judge.

C. a critic.

D. a guide.

28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, paragraph 4)

A. Endless studies kill action.

B. Careful investigation reveals truth.

C. prudent planning hinders.

D. Extensive research helps decision-making.

29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about

A. Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.

B. Raise public awareness of conservation.

C. Press for further scientific research.

D. Take some legislative measures.

30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because

A. they both suffered from the government's negligence.

B. a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.

C. the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.

D. both of them have turned from bad to worse.

26. ［答案］ ［C］

［分析］

这是一道事实细节题。题干部分的supporters of smoking(吸烟支持者)与文章第一句

中的the doubters(吸烟危害论的怀疑者)是同义表达，而句子的“...we didn'tknow for s

ure”和其后的“ that the evidence was inconclusive...”都暗含了吸烟支持者对于吸

烟与健康之间科学联系的不信任和不屑一顾。因此，选项［C］people had the freedom

to choose their own way of life (人们应当有选择自己生活方式的自由)便是吸烟支持者的心声。

27. ［答案］ ［D］

［分析］

这是一道事实细节题。

应该选Ｄ，科学应该作为一个指导性，是答案是根据文章第２段的最后两句话。

28. ［答案］ ［A］

［分析］

这是一道语义猜测题。通过题干可以找到文章倒数第二段的最后一句“Instead of a p

lan of action ,they continue to press for more research-a classic case of“paral

ysis by analysis"。这句话的大意是“他们不是果断采取行动，而是去进行研究——一个

典型的'paralysis by analysis'方案。”通过句子中的用词可以推断作者的语气是否定

的，对此的态度是批判的。选项［A］Endless studies kill action(没完没了的研究会阻碍实践活动的顺利进行)的批判态度和出题句表达一致，因此是正确选项。

29. ［答案］ ［D］

［分析］

这是一道事实细节题。分析题干部分，可获知the Administration 是关键词。通过此

词定位于文章最后一段第三句话。选项［D］Take some legislative measures 与最后一段

第三句前半部分“take the legislative initiative”完全一致，是正确答案。

30. ［答案］ ［B］

［分析］

这是一道语义推论题，题目是问文章中作者所举吸烟的例子与全文的主题—全球气候变

暖和环境保护之间的关联。解此类型的题目应通读全文并结合上下文进行合理的推测。

作者觉得吸烟带给我们的经验教训对于当前的环保是有借鉴意义的，那么选项

［B］就是最佳答案。

Text 3

  Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and rears, by the late 1970s. neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It's your dream” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. “If you don't like it , change it.”

  Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system (the “emotional brain”)is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy of depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr, William Dement.

  And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead, the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.

  At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of “we wake u in a panic,” Cartwright says Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you'll feel better in the morning.

31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams

A. can be modified in their courses.

B. are susceptible to emotional changes.

C. reflect our innermost desires and fears.

D. are a random outcome of neural repairs.

32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show

A. its function in our dreams.

B. the mechanism of REM sleep.

C. the relation of dreams to emotions.

D. its difference from the prefrontal cortex.

33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to

A. aggravate in our unconscious mind.

B. develop into happy dreams.

C. persist till the time we fall asleep.

D. show up in dreams early at night.

34.Cartwright seems to suggest that

A. waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.

B. visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under con troll.

C. dreams should be left to their natural progression.

D. dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.

35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have had dreams?

A. lead your life as usual.

B. Seek professional help.

C. Exercise conscious control.

D. Avoid anxiety in the daytime.

31. ［答案］ ［A］

［分析］

这是一个事实细节题，可采取排除法。

这完全从篇章的开头和结尾都强调重复说明梦是

可以控制的，选Ａ。

32. ［答案］ ［C］

［分析］

这是一道推理判断题。作者提到梦和情感之间是有关系的，情感是段落的重点，选Ｃ

33. ［答案］ ［D］

［分析］

这是一道事实细节题。题干中的the negative feeling 以及generated在文章第三段第

二句中找到相对应的表述。这句话的大意是“关脑白天产生的一些消极因素极可能是其前半

夜的梦境中有所反映，但继而会逐渐被更加香甜的梦所取代。”选项（D）show up in drea

ms early at night(噩梦对人脑的消极作用会在前半夜里显示出来)与原文表述一致，为正

确选项。

34. ［答案］ ［D］

［分析］

这是一个事实细节题。Cartwright观点的表述主要集中在文章的中间部分，通过分析这

一部分内容，可以发现文章第四段首句“And this process need not  be left to the un

conscious.”便是此题的答案，因此判断选项（D）dreaming may not entirely belong to

the unconscious (梦并非全部属于潜意识范畴)是正确答案。

35. ［答案］ ［A］

［分析］

通过对题干的分析，可以推论其中的might一词暗示这是一道推理判断题。在文章最后

一段中作者谈及神经医生Cartwright 的一些观点。在分析语篇后可以发现题目的答案线索

不是最后一段的倒数第二句话，而是根据文章的最后一段的最后一句话sleep-or rathe dre

am-on it and you will feel better in the moring中的on一词暗含了顺其自然的意思即我们无意过分担心梦对我们的影响。换句话说，保持正常的生活状态即可。由此，选项（A

）lead your life as usual是正确选项。

Text 4

  American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s

counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.

  But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.

  Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.

    Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.

36. According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal English

A. is inevitable in radical education reforms.

B. is but all too natural in language development.

C. has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.

D. brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.

37. The word “talking” (Linge6, paragraph3) denotes

A. modesty.

B. personality.

C. liveliness.

D. informality.

38. To which of the following statements would Mc Whorter most likely agree?

A. Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.

B. Black English can be more expressive than standard English.

C. Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.

D. Of all the varieties, standard English Can best convey complex ideas.

39. The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the author's

A. interest in their language.

B. appreciation of their efforts.

C. admiration for their memory.

D. contempt for their old-fashionedness.

40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as

A. “temporary” is to “permanent”.

B. “radical” is to “conservative”.

C. “functional” is to “artistic”.

D. “humble” is to “noble”.

36. ［答案］ ［B］

［分析］

这是一个事实细节题。对于标准英语的衰落，McWhorter在文章第二段中的第二句做了

详述，他认为这一现象是再正常不过的事情（“to be nature and mo more regrettable t

han the loss of the case-endings of Old English”），由此判定选项（B）is but all

too natural in language develope的表述与原文大体相同。但对其中的单词but的理解是此题难点之一，同时也是正确理解此句意思的关键。but在此处的真正的含义相当于表示否定意义的词not，因此要把（B）选项中的句子理解为双重否定，相当于肯定表达。

37. ［答案］ ［D］

［分析］

这是一道语义猜测题。

 原文反复出现的是语音的正式性和非正式性，所以这个题选Ｄ。

38. ［答案］ ［A］

［分析］

这是一个事实细节题。在第四段后两句中，作者说“世界上所有的语言，包括黑人英语

，都能很好地表达深邃的内涵和复杂的思想。因此，逻辑思考与我们说话的方式没有很大的

联系。”选项（A）Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk(

逻辑思辨与语言的表达没有必要的联系)与原文的第四段的未句的意思完全吻合。

39. ［答案］ ［B］

［分析］

这是一道推理判断题。作者提到俄国人喜欢背诗，作者在文章是赞赏的语气，称赞他

们努力维护

本国的语言。

40. ［答案］ ［C］

［分析］

这是一道细节揄判断题。这个题也是一个类比题，他说咱们经常纸碟和瓷器之间的关联，纸

盒子不漂亮可以盛饭，瓷器在大餐聚会时被使用，讲究美食性。所以答案选Ｃ，是一种功能性和美食性的关联性和关系性。

Part B

Directions:

In the following text, some sentences have removed. For Questions 41-45, choose

the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into of the numbered blank there

are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on

 ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)

  Canada's premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, to reduce health-care costs.

  They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.

41.

What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care-to say nothing of reports from other experts recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs , bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources ,work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.

42.

But “national” doesn't have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial-provinces combining efforts to create one body.

  Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province-or a series of hospitals within a province-negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.

  Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.

43.

  A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating  Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included, predictably and regrettably Quebec refused to join.

  A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That's one reason why the idea of a nationalist hasn't gone anywhere while drug costs keep rising fast.

44.

  Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow's report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money perhaps they should read what he had to say a bout drugs.

  “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”

45.

  So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.

A. Quebec's resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent!

B. Or they could read Mr. Kirby's report:“the substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies”

C. What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.

D. The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.

E. According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information. prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.

F. So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.

G. Of course the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its, list the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a national agency agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.

Part C

41. ［答案］ ［E］

［分析］

本题可以根据连贯性选Ｅ，４１题上面一段讲的中心是药品价钱，我们分析了这七个选项以后发觉，选项Ｅ，在归纳句子，和上面的也有连贯性，哪一个选项当中包含了药价这

个概念呢？只有一个选项“Ｅ”，“Ｅ”选项说根据某某机构的观点，自从１９９７年以来

，处方药价格的增长速率是全国健康福利支出增长速度的２倍。这种增长一部分是因为药品

代替了某些治疗手段，一部分是因为新药品的价格总是比老药品价格高。那么这个选项说的

就是这样一个事实，所以４１空选“Ｅ”。

42. ［答案］ ［C］

［分析］

本题如果只要上下一加就很明显发现，　４２句上下出现最多的就是国家这个词，空

后文字非常典型，提到“Ｂｕｔ”ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ “ｄｏｅｓｎ’ｔ ｈａｖｅ ｔｏ ｍ

ｅａｎ ｔｈａｔ．”很明显这是一个转折，表明４２空所填的选项，要和这一句话形成转

折关系，而且４２空里面要出现“ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ”的定义，就是说很有可能要出现“ｎ

ａｔｉｏｎａｌ”这个词儿。每一个选项里面包含这个词呢？“Ｃ”选项。“Ｃ”选项提到

，ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ是什么意思？

43. ［答案］ ［G］

［分析］

本题在上一段所讲的是国家要对药品进行一种控制，空前文字举例说明全国性代理机

构的好处，举了魁北克的例子，选项应该围绕着这个问题来选，正确答案选“Ｇ”，很好的

保持了文章的一致性，［Ｇ］选项说“当然药厂不会同意，他们喜欢散客买家，那样他们可

以暗中运作，他们甚至可能会威胁着要把一个省的工作机会转移到另一个省，但是，处于利

益的驱使，他们又不得不这样做。”４３空所以选［Ｇ］。

44. ［答案］ ［F］

［分析］

本题有两个选择可以选进去的，我们可以根据这篇文章总体的情感来判断，前面一段

直接讲的就是，人们对于整体药品的价格，以及国家的机构都是抱怨的态度，空前有两段文

字，第一段最后提到魁北克拒绝加入全国性代理机构。而第二段提到有很多省的政府官员对

于这种全国性代理机构持怀疑态度，可以发现这里仍然推行全国性代理机构的设想所遇到的

阻力，接下来当然会谈到怎么处理这个阻力？“Ｆ”选项，非常明确的说明了“所以如果某

些省想完成健康福利的任务，他们就必须有完成这个任务的能力，他们还必须节约管理费用

，防止一个省和另一个省之间的斗争，而且要尽量争取更好的药价。”所以Ａ和Ｆ相比，Ｆ要更符合这篇文章情感的一致性，所以选Ｆ

，这个空很多同学填的都是“Ａ”，“Ａ”选项说：“魁北克抵制含有性代理机构，是这个

省自己的意识形态问题”。

45. ［答案］ ［B］

［分析］

本题上面出现了一个“人们怎么样说”最后一段也讲了，他们聚在首都，不断谈论这

个事情，这个一致性，４５题应该是Ｂ，有些人也在用另外一篇报道进行一种抱怨。空前文

字提到也许这些官员们应该读一读Ｒｏｙ Ｒｏｍａｎｏｗ 的关于药品的论述，当然这个空

应该接着谈，还可以读一读前面文章提到的另外一个人Ｍｉｃａｅｌ Ｋｉｒｂｙ的关于药

品的论述，这两个人在前面的文章里面都是同时被提到的，而且他们都提倡说建立一个这样

全国性机构非常不错，所以４５空选“Ｂ”。

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2. (10points)

  It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. (46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served to much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe .The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. (47) In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.

    Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete complete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. (48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.

  Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.

  (49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.

  In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank will handle the finances necessary for production costs. (50)  In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unity we stand, divided we fall” -and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.

46. Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and con

veyed-and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect

different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.

电视是表达和传递感情的手段之一，在加强不同民族和国家之间的联系方面，电视或许还从

未像在最近的欧洲事件中那样发挥过如此大的作用。

47. In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successfu

l: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publ

ishing house that work in relation to one another.

在欧洲就像在其他地方一样，多媒体集团越来越成功了，这些集团把相互之间有紧密联系的

电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社组合到了一起。

48. This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to

survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty Europe

an television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.

仅这一点就表明在电视行业里生存并不容易，这个事实通过统计数字明确反映了出来：在80家欧洲电视网中1989年出现亏损的不下于50%。

49. Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and tr

aditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no ea

sy task and demands a strategic choice--

创造一个能尊重不同文化和传统的“欧洲统一体”不是一项容易的任务，因为它不但需要策

略性的选择而且要构成一个连接整个旧大陆(欧洲大陆)的网络。

50. In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say,

“United we stand, divided we fall”.

在应付一个如此规模的挑战过程中，我们可以毫不夸张地说，“团结，我们就会站起来；分

裂，我们就会倒下去”

Section Ⅲ Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

  Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs & fashions. But now you find that the word is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision stating your reason(s), and making an apology.

  Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

小作文范文：

Dear Mr. Wang,

  I am writing to inform you of my decision to resign from my current position d

ue to some factors involved which I can't stand.

  First of all, the salary has proven to be much lower than you promised at the

time I took up the job, and I have a large family to support. What's more, a period of experience here shows to me that my personality doesn't agree with the relational demands between colleagues. Most importantly, I feelrather disappointed and left out on the job itself because in the past two months I was never given any really important responsibility.

  I honestly hope that you can approve of my requirement for resignation. I am s

orry for any inconvenience caused.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

Part B

52. Directions:

  Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay ,you should first describe the drawing the interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.

  You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)

?

大作文

  The picture above symbolically demonstrates how three sons and a daughter trea

t their old and helpless father. They each stand in a different comer of a

football field. The eldest son kicks out the father while the other children are prepared to ward him off. It is sad to see none of them is willing to receive a

nd support their father.

What it illustrates is a common phenomenon in today's society: many grown-up chi

ldren refuse to support their aging parents.

  While young people enjoy a comfortable life, their parents are neglected and left in utter poverty, as these elderly people have grown so physically weak that t

hey no longer have the power to support themselves. I think these children have

gone against their own conscience and therefore may be put under strong attacks

of words and contempt by us. According to Chinese culture, to respect the

old and love the young are the traditional virtue and to be kind to one's parent

s is the height of it.  We owe so much to our parents in the they not only

 gave us life but have done much in bringing us up. It is against nature for us

to escape from our responsibility of taking care of our parents when they are old.

On the contrary,

  we have the duty to pay back their love by making their later years enjoy

able and happy.

   With love and respect for the old, our society will be full of sunshine;

 Without love and respect for the old, our society will be dark through.