31.The demarcation of philosophy from science was facilitated by the development in the early nineteenth century of a new notion, that philosophy’s core interest should be epistemology, the general explanation of what it means to know something.

32.Modern philosophers now trace that notion back at least to Descartes and Spinoza, but it was not explicitly articulated until the late eighteenth century, by Kant, and did not become built into the structure of academic institutions and the standard self-descriptions of philosophy professors until the late nineteenth century.

33.Metaphysics, philosophy’s traditional core—considered as the most general description of how the heavens and the earth are put together—had been rendered almost completely meaningless by the spectacular progress of physics.

34.Kant, however, by focusing philosophy on the problem of knowledge, managed to replace metaphysics with epistemology, and thus to transform the notion of philosophy as “queen of sciences” into the new notion of philosophy as a separate, foundational discipline.

35.Under the force of this view, it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth (because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action, it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action) to the status of being wholly condemned.

36.But those who reject the idea of rhetoric because they believe it deals in lies and who at the same time hope to move people to action, must either be liars themselves or be very naive; pure logic has never been a motivating force unless it has been subordinated to human purposes, feelings, and desires, and thereby ceased to be pure logic.

37.Calculations of the density of alloys based on Bernal-type models of the alloys metal component agreed fairly well with the experimentally determined values from measurements  on alloys consisting of a noble metal together with a metalloid, such as alloys of palladium and silicon, or alloys consisting of iron, phosphorus, and carbon, although small discrepancies remained.

38.One of the most promising properties of glassy metals is their high strength combined with high malleability. In usual crystalline materials, one finds an inverse relation between the two properties, whereas for many practical applications  simultaneous presence of both properties is desirable.

39.One residual obstacle to practical applications that is likely to be overcome is the fact that glassy metals will crystallize at relatively low temperatures when heated slightly.

40.Yet Walzer"s argument, however deficient, does point to one of the most serious weaknesses of capitalism—namely, that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who, no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards, often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration.

31.哲学从科学中分离出来，受到十九世纪早期一种新观念发展的推动，这个观念是，哲学的核心兴趣应该是认识论，即对认识事物作出一般性解释。

32.现代哲学家把这个观察至少追溯到笛卡尔和斯宾诺莎,但是，直到十八世纪晚期，才由康德（Kant）明确地提出来，并且直到十九世纪晚期才被加入到学术机构的框架中，才被加入到哲学教授的标准自我描述中。

33.形而上学，作为哲学的传统核心——被认为是对天与地是如何结合在一起的最一般的描述——已经被壮观的物理学发展搞得几乎完全没有意义了。

34.但是，康德通过把哲学汇聚到认识的问题上，用认识论取代了形而上学，并且因此把哲学从“科学之王”的观念，转变为一门独立的、基础的学科的新观念。

35.在这种观点下，下文是不可避免的，修辞艺术从被认为是有可疑的价值的地位（因为尽管它可能是快乐的来源，和促使人们正确行动的方法，但是，它也可能是歪曲事实的手段，和被误导的行为的来源）转变到彻底被谴责的地位。

36.但是那些拒绝修辞思想的人，他们认为修辞是在说谎，以及那些同时想要打动别人的人，要么自己是撒谎者，要么就是天真幼稚；纯粹的逻辑从来不具有说服力，除非它服从于人类的目的、情感、以及欲望，这样一来它也就不再是纯粹的逻辑了。

37.对于合金密度的计算，以伯纳尔建立的金属模型为基础的计算，很大程度上等同于实验中测量的结果，测量是针对于贵重金属和非金属的合金，比如说，钯和硅的合金，或者由铁、磷、和碳组成的合金，尽管还存在一些小的差异。

38.玻璃金属的一个最有前途的特性，是它的高强度与高延展性相结合。在普通的晶体材料中，人们会发现这两种性质之间的相反关系，但是对于许多实际应用来说，两种特性的同时存在才是人们所追求的。

39.剩下的障碍，对于实际应用来说，一个有可能被克服的障碍，是下面的事实，玻璃金属将会结晶，在相对低的温度下，当被稍微加热的时候。

40.但是Walzer的论点，虽然很不完善，却真正指出了资本主义最严重的一个弱点——也就是，它把一些人放到社会的主导地位，这些人无论用怎样合法的方式获得了其物质报酬，却常常缺少其它的品质（能力），能唤起别人的爱戴和赞美的能力。