《英语国家概况》模拟试卷（一）
分类: 自考英语
考试时间150分钟）（英语专业）
I. Direction: Read the following unfinished statements of questions carefully. For each unfinished statement of question four suggested answers A; B, C and D are given. Choose the one you think best completes the statement or answers the question. Write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space on your answer sheet (25%)
1. Celts were different groups of ancient people who came originally from________
A. France
B. Denmark
C. Ireland
D. Germany
2. Who invaded and conquered Britain for the first time in 55 BC?
A. Emperor Claudius
B. Julius Caesar
C. King Alfred
D. King Ethelred
3. Who is the author of Murder in the Cathedral?
A. Christopher Marlowe
B. T. S. Eliot
C. Ben Johnson
D. Thomas Becket
4. When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658, and was succeeded by his son, ______, the regime began immediately to collapse.
A. Henry
B. Hamilton
C. Richard
D. Charles
5. The 18th century saw selective breeding of cattle, sheep and houses by _________.
A. Jethro Tull
B. Thomas Coke
C. George III
D. Robert Bakewell
6. Which of the following statements does not properly descried Britain's economy before the Second World War?
A. Britain was known as the factory of the world.
B. Britain had the highest standard of living in Europe.
C. Britain gave up its economic hegemony in the world.
D. Britain sold many manufactured goods overseas.
7. Which of the following is not one of the members of the Lords Temporal?
A. all hereditary peers and peeresses of the England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom (but not peers of Ireland)
B. lire peers created to assist the House in its judicial duties
C. senior bishops of the Church of England
D. all other life peers
8. Appeals in criminal cases in England and Wales may NOT be heard by _________.
A. the Magistrates' Court
B. the Court of Appeal
C. the High Court
D. the Crown Court
9. Established Churches in Britain are___________.
A. Church of England and Churches in Wales
B. Church in Wales Church of Scotland
C. The Anglican Churches
D. Church of England and Church of Scotland
10. Apart from a break during the Second World War, the BBC has been providing regular television broadcasts since ___________.
A. 1935
B. 1936
C. 1937
D. 1938
11. The largest river in Ireland is ____________.
A. the Shannon River
B. Liffey River
C. Macgillicuddy's Reek
D. Carrantuohill
12. The following farming activities are engaged by farmers in the valleys of Nova Scotia except __________.
A. dairying
B. raising animals
C. apple growing
D. potato growing
13. The Pacific northwest is favored with a _______ climate like that of Britain.
A. Mediterranean
B. maritime
C. continental
D. subtropical
14. The first blacks were brought to North America as ________ in 1619.
A. adventurers
B. slaves
C. servants
D. explorers
15. The Declaration of Independence was adopted by the ____ Continental Congress on July 4, _____.
A First / 1774
B. First / 1776
C. Second / 1774
D. Second / 1776
16. The Great Depression was induced by all the follwing causes but ________.
A. stock market speculation
B. credit over - expansion
C. government involvement
D. lack of control over the banking system
17. The Norman Conquest of _______ is perhaps the best - known event in English history.
A. 1063
B. 1064
C. 1065
D. 1066
18. ______ ranks the first in the production of apples in the US.
A. Washington
B. Kansas
C. Michigan
D. Wisconsin
19. The heads of the various executive departments form a council of advisers generally known as the President's __________.
A. Advisory Group
B. Executive Office
C. Special Commission
D. Cabinet
20. The master's degree can normally be earned in ______ year by students holding a bachelor's degree in the fired of study.
A. one
B. two
C. three
D. four
21. ______ is considered as Earnest Hemingway's masterpiece.
A. The Sun Also Rises
B. A Farewell to Arms
C. For Whom the Bell Tolls
D. Old Man and the Sea
22. University students usually have a _____ "Spring Break" to return home to spend the holiday with their parents.
A. five - day
B. seven - day
C. ten - day
D. fourteen - day
23. From east to west ten provinces and two territories in Canada can be divided into _____ geographical regions.
A. four
B. five
C. six
D. seven
24. According to Chapter 24, Great Bear Lake in Canada is roughly equal to the area of ________.
A. Germany
B. France
C. Britain
D. Belgium
25. On the homefront some German and Italian people were watched by the authorities, and ______ was rationed to ensure that Australia had enough.
A. bread
B. petrol
C. cloth
D. Butter
II. Directions Read each of the following statements carefully and see if it is true of false. Put T if you think it is true or F if you think it is false in the corresponding space on you answer sheet. (15%)
1. _____ Apart form the federal system, the Constitution and Parliament, government of Australia is also carried out through other institutions.
2. _____ The land was central in the life of the Aborigines, so they tried to own as much land as possible.
3. _____ Canada is now shifting the balance of immigration towards more "economic" immigrants, including skilled workers and business people.
4. _____ The British law provides that an accused person must be brought before the court with the least possible delay.
5. _____ The Secretary of State for Education has overall responsibility for school and postschool education in England.
6. _____ Although Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are separate political entities, unions, like churches, are organized on an all - Ireland basis.
7. _____ The new trend in the American population movement is the outflow of urban residents to suburban and non - metropolitan areas.
8. _____ Those who argued successfully for a national system at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 called themselves Antifederalists.
9. _____ In the first 100 days in the White House, President Roosevelt made Congresses a large number of acts, with the purpose of preventing the further worsening of the economic situation and helping the needed people.
10. _____ The Big Four at the Paris Peace Conference referred to the United States, Britain, France and Italy.
11. _____ The United States has a free - market economy with a dominant private sector.
12. _____ The United States supplies a larger share of the imports of all other countries than does any other notion in the world.
13. _____ Except for some colleges sponsored by the Catholic Church, all colleges and universities in the United States are governed by a board of trustees.
14. _____ If the President vetoes a new bill, the Congress can override the veto by a two - thirds vote.
15. _____ Virtually all Canadians devote at least twelve years to formal education.
III. Directions: For each of the following blanks, only one word is suitable. Write the word in the corresponding space on your answer sheet. (25%)
1. Northern Ireland has a ______ and wild northern coastline, with several _____ indentations.
2. As a result of rainfall distribution in Britain there is a water _____ in the north and west, and a water _____ in the south and the east.
3. The Roman missionaries held that the ______ authority was supreme, and the Celtic missionaries held that ______ belief did not require a final earthly arbiter.
4. As the new working class became established in the industrial towns in the late 18th century, they became aware of the _____which they could possess if they acted together instead of _____.
5. John M. Keynes suggested that the government should use fiscal and ______ policy to finetune aggregate demand to achieve full employment, while using prices and incomes policies to _______ inflation at source.
6. Parliament in Britain, strictly speaking, consists of three elements _____, ______ and _____.
7. Scotland has two types of criminal procedure, known as _____ and ______.
8. The policies that Britain pursued in the 1980's included ______ deregulation and _______.
9. The economic policy Britain pursued in the 50s and 60s was based on the theory of _________.
10. Irish small economy is marked by slow _______, high unemployment and ______ in public finance.
11. On November 19, 1863, Abraham _______ made a short Speech on the occasion of dedicating the national ______ at Gettysburg.
12. Though immigration had been a familiar aspect of American development throughout the _____ period the largest immigration ______ did not take place until 1815.
13. The WW II was the result of struggle between the great powers for ______ and ______ of the countries of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and militarist Japan.
14. ______, the Pacific Coast's largest and busiest commercial city, is the second largest city in population in the United States.
15. The United States is by fat the ______ industrial country in the world.
16. ______, the second largest city in California, is in an excellent position to trade with the Far East and the islands of the Pacific Ocean.
17. Agriculture can depend on _____ eastward to the 100th meridian and also in the Pacific Northwest.
18. The United States is divided into four major industrial regions: _______ the Middle Atlantic states, the South and ______.
19. The US agriculture is characterized by _______ and scientific farming.
20. _______ is the oldest written constitution in the world.
21. The President must take care that the _____ be faithfully ________-.
22. Amendments must have the approval of ______ of the states before they can enter into force.
23. The three branches of the government are in balance, through the system of ________.
24. Formal education in the United States consists of _______, ______and _______ education.
25. As private schools are not supported by public money, they rely on ______ sources and student ______ fees.
26. Canada is made up of ______ provinces and _________ territories.
27. With a wide coverage of forests, Canada ranks third in the manufacture of ______ and other forest products in the world.
28. Most Canadians are employed by the ______ sector and ________.
29. The House of Senate in Canada was designed to represent ________ of Canada and to take a "second look" at proposed legislation.
30. The two territories of Canada include the Northwest Territories and the ______.
31. _________ is regarded as Australia's largest lake in the world export of wool.
IV. Directions: Explain the following terms in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet. (15%)
1. Common law
2. IRA
3. the Chinese Exclusion Act
4. the Corn Belt
5. the Quebec Act of 1774
V. Directions: Give a brief answer to each of the following questions. Write your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet. (12%)
1. What kind of economic system does the United States have? What are its characteristics?
2. Give a brief account of the US Presidential powers.
3. What are the major problems associated with the Australian economy? Say something about the economic reforms under the Hawke - Leating government.
4. Why is New Zealand sometimes called "the world's biggest farm"?
VI. Directions: Write between 100 -150 words on the following topic in the corresponding space on your answer sheet. (8%)
1. What are the periods of the evolution of British economy since the Second World War?
全国高等教育自学考试模拟试卷（一）
英语国家概况参考答案
I.
1. D
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. D
6. C
7. C
8. A
9. D
10. B
11. A
12. D
13. B
14. B
15. D
16. C
17. D
18. D
19. D
20. A
21. D
22. B
23. C
24. D
25. B
II.
1. T
2. F
3. TT
4. T
5. T
6. T
7. T
8. F
9. T
10. T
11. T
12. T
13. T
14. T
15. F
III.
1. rocky; deep
2. Surplus; deficit;
3. Pope's; Christian
4. Power; separately
5. Monetary; suppress
6. the Crown; the House of Commons; the House of Lord
7. Solemn procedure; summary procedure
8. privatization; market Liberalization
9. John M, Keynes
10. growth; imbalance
11. Lincoln; cemetery
12. colonial; movement
13. control of the world; military expansion
14. Los Angeles
15. biggest
16. San Francisco
17. natural rainfall
18. the Midwest the Pacific Coast
19. a high level of mechanization
20. The American Consitution
21. Laws; executed
22. three - fourths
23. checks and balance
24. elementary; secondary; higher
25. private; tuition
26. 10; 2
27. lumber
28. service; manufacturing
29. various regions
30. Yukon
31. Lake Eyre
IV.
1. Common law
It is one of the main components of the British Constitution. It refers to numerous decisions which have been made by the courts in different times of the English history.
2. IRA
Unofficial semi - military organization based in the Republic of Ireland. It was created in Jan. 1919 as successor to the Irish Volunteers, a militant group founded in 1913. Its purpose was to render British rule in Ireland ineffective by the use of armed forces and thus to assist in achieving the broader political objective of an independent republic. It gained its notorious fame in 60s and 70s as it was responsible for many bombing, assassinating and kidnapping
3. the Chinese Exclusion Act
When the gold rush and the construction of the railroad were over, the Chinese labors were turned onto the labor market. Soon there emerged a widespread hostility towards the Chinese. In May, 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act which stopped Chinese immigation for 10 years.
4. the Corn Belt
It refers to the region where most corn is grown, It is in the Midwest. It stretches from Ohio the eastern South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas. It covers northern Missouri, southem Minnesota, and almost all of Iowa, Indiana, and Illinois.
5. the Quebec Act of 1774
The British - appointed governor, Sir Guy Carleton, recognized the French character of Quebec. This recognition was made official by the Quebec Act of 1774, in which the British Parliament granted the people of Quebec rights as French Canadians. The Act introduced English criminal law but kept French civil law and recognized the right of Catholic Chruch.
V.
1. The United States has a free - market economic system. It has two main characteristics. One is its dominant private sector. The privately owned and operated business produce about 85% of the total output of goods and services. In the United States private ownership accounts for a larger share of the economy than in any other developed country. The other is the increasing role of government in the economy. Since the Great Depression, the government has been more and more involved in the regulation of the economy.
2. Under the Constitution, President of the United States has important powers in legislative and judicial powers. He shares certain law - making powers with the Congress, He can veto any bill passed by the Congress. He can veto any bill passed by the Congress, and unless two - thirds in each house vote to override the veto, the boll does not become law. He has the power to give reprieves and pardons in federal criminal cases, and to appoint federal judges and Supreme Court judges. He also has executive powers. His highest duty is to carry out the law. He is the Commander - in - chief of the US armed forces. Besides, he enjoys powers in foreign affairs. He is primarily responsible for the US relations with other countries. He has the power to appoint ambassadors, ministers and consuls.
3. Major structural problems in Australian economy can be summed up as these: (1) Over - reliance on primary commodity exports. The problem is that prices of primary products and materials tend to fluctuate in world market as a result of overproduction from other rivals; (2) Weak manufacturing industry under protection by high rate; (3) Decreasing participation in the world trade.
The Hawke - Keating government in the mid - 1980s tried to solve these problems by remolding Australian's economic structure. This includes reform of financial markets, taxation, primary and manufacturing, industry protection, aviation, waterfront, telecommunications and government business enterprises.
Further initiatives were also underway in road and railway transport, electricity generation and distribution, and the labor market.
4. New Zealand is sometimes called "the world's biggest farm." However, although it has an ideal climate for grassland farming, little land is naturally arable and much of it is mountainous. Scientists and farmers have developed techniques for grassland management. About two thirds of farmers is too rugged to be fertilized or sewn by tractor, so New Zealand has been a pioneer in agricultural aviation, using locally developed aircraft to spread fertilizer and seeds from the air. New Zealand is the world's largest exporter of lamb and mutton. It is also the largest exporter of dairy products.
VI.
(Key Points)
1. Steady development in the 50s and 60s
The British economy suffered a great deal from the war, but it suffered less direct war damage than other European countries and Japan. The consumer demand checked by the war soon became an important factor in contributing to the development of the economy. The British economy in this period is characterized by slow but steady growth, low unemployment and great material prosperity with rising standards of consumption.
2. Economic recession in the 70s
In the1970s among the developed countries Britain maintained the lowest growth rate and the highest inflation rate. In some years of the period Britain even had a minus growth and the trade deficits were the highest among the Western countries.
3. Economic recovery in the 80s
In March 1979 the Conservative Party under the leadership of Mrs. Thatcher won the election. The new government adopted an economic program known as Medium - term Financial Strategy. The new economic program was based on the theory of the new classical school of thought. Privatization, deregulation and market liberalization replaced prices and incomes control and state interventionism.
I. Direction: Read the following unfinished statements of questions carefully. For each unfinished statement of question four suggested answers A; B, C and D are given. Choose the one you think best completes the statement or answers the question. Write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space on your answer sheet (25%)
1. Celts were different groups of ancient people who came originally from________
A. France
B. Denmark
C. Ireland
D. Germany
2. Who invaded and conquered Britain for the first time in 55 BC?
A. Emperor Claudius
B. Julius Caesar
C. King Alfred
D. King Ethelred
3. Who is the author of Murder in the Cathedral?
A. Christopher Marlowe
B. T. S. Eliot
C. Ben Johnson
D. Thomas Becket
4. When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658, and was succeeded by his son, ______, the regime began immediately to collapse.
A. Henry
B. Hamilton
C. Richard
D. Charles
5. The 18th century saw selective breeding of cattle, sheep and houses by _________.
A. Jethro Tull
B. Thomas Coke
C. George III
D. Robert Bakewell
6. Which of the following statements does not properly descried Britain's economy before the Second World War?
A. Britain was known as the factory of the world.
B. Britain had the highest standard of living in Europe.
C. Britain gave up its economic hegemony in the world.
D. Britain sold many manufactured goods overseas.
7. Which of the following is not one of the members of the Lords Temporal?
A. all hereditary peers and peeresses of the England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom (but not peers of Ireland)
B. lire peers created to assist the House in its judicial duties
C. senior bishops of the Church of England
D. all other life peers
8. Appeals in criminal cases in England and Wales may NOT be heard by _________.
A. the Magistrates' Court
B. the Court of Appeal
C. the High Court
D. the Crown Court
9. Established Churches in Britain are___________.
A. Church of England and Churches in Wales
B. Church in Wales Church of Scotland
C. The Anglican Churches
D. Church of England and Church of Scotland
10. Apart from a break during the Second World War, the BBC has been providing regular television broadcasts since ___________.
A. 1935
B. 1936
C. 1937
D. 1938
11. The largest river in Ireland is ____________.
A. the Shannon River
B. Liffey River
C. Macgillicuddy's Reek
D. Carrantuohill
12. The following farming activities are engaged by farmers in the valleys of Nova Scotia except __________.
A. dairying
B. raising animals
C. apple growing
D. potato growing
13. The Pacific northwest is favored with a _______ climate like that of Britain.
A. Mediterranean
B. maritime
C. continental
D. subtropical
14. The first blacks were brought to North America as ________ in 1619.
A. adventurers
B. slaves
C. servants
D. explorers
15. The Declaration of Independence was adopted by the ____ Continental Congress on July 4, _____.
A First / 1774
B. First / 1776
C. Second / 1774
D. Second / 1776
16. The Great Depression was induced by all the follwing causes but ________.
A. stock market speculation
B. credit over - expansion
C. government involvement
D. lack of control over the banking system
17. The Norman Conquest of _______ is perhaps the best - known event in English history.
A. 1063
B. 1064
C. 1065
D. 1066
18. ______ ranks the first in the production of apples in the US.
A. Washington
B. Kansas
C. Michigan
D. Wisconsin
19. The heads of the various executive departments form a council of advisers generally known as the President's __________.
A. Advisory Group
B. Executive Office
C. Special Commission
D. Cabinet
20. The master's degree can normally be earned in ______ year by students holding a bachelor's degree in the fired of study.
A. one
B. two
C. three
D. four
21. ______ is considered as Earnest Hemingway's masterpiece.
A. The Sun Also Rises
B. A Farewell to Arms
C. For Whom the Bell Tolls
D. Old Man and the Sea
22. University students usually have a _____ "Spring Break" to return home to spend the holiday with their parents.
A. five - day
B. seven - day
C. ten - day
D. fourteen - day
23. From east to west ten provinces and two territories in Canada can be divided into _____ geographical regions.
A. four
B. five
C. six
D. seven
24. According to Chapter 24, Great Bear Lake in Canada is roughly equal to the area of ________.
A. Germany
B. France
C. Britain
D. Belgium
25. On the homefront some German and Italian people were watched by the authorities, and ______ was rationed to ensure that Australia had enough.
A. bread
B. petrol
C. cloth
D. Butter
II. Directions Read each of the following statements carefully and see if it is true of false. Put T if you think it is true or F if you think it is false in the corresponding space on you answer sheet. (15%)
1. _____ Apart form the federal system, the Constitution and Parliament, government of Australia is also carried out through other institutions.
2. _____ The land was central in the life of the Aborigines, so they tried to own as much land as possible.
3. _____ Canada is now shifting the balance of immigration towards more "economic" immigrants, including skilled workers and business people.
4. _____ The British law provides that an accused person must be brought before the court with the least possible delay.
5. _____ The Secretary of State for Education has overall responsibility for school and postschool education in England.
6. _____ Although Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are separate political entities, unions, like churches, are organized on an all - Ireland basis.
7. _____ The new trend in the American population movement is the outflow of urban residents to suburban and non - metropolitan areas.
8. _____ Those who argued successfully for a national system at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 called themselves Antifederalists.
9. _____ In the first 100 days in the White House, President Roosevelt made Congresses a large number of acts, with the purpose of preventing the further worsening of the economic situation and helping the needed people.
10. _____ The Big Four at the Paris Peace Conference referred to the United States, Britain, France and Italy.
11. _____ The United States has a free - market economy with a dominant private sector.
12. _____ The United States supplies a larger share of the imports of all other countries than does any other notion in the world.
13. _____ Except for some colleges sponsored by the Catholic Church, all colleges and universities in the United States are governed by a board of trustees.
14. _____ If the President vetoes a new bill, the Congress can override the veto by a two - thirds vote.
15. _____ Virtually all Canadians devote at least twelve years to formal education.
III. Directions: For each of the following blanks, only one word is suitable. Write the word in the corresponding space on your answer sheet. (25%)
1. Northern Ireland has a ______ and wild northern coastline, with several _____ indentations.
2. As a result of rainfall distribution in Britain there is a water _____ in the north and west, and a water _____ in the south and the east.
3. The Roman missionaries held that the ______ authority was supreme, and the Celtic missionaries held that ______ belief did not require a final earthly arbiter.
4. As the new working class became established in the industrial towns in the late 18th century, they became aware of the _____which they could possess if they acted together instead of _____.
5. John M. Keynes suggested that the government should use fiscal and ______ policy to finetune aggregate demand to achieve full employment, while using prices and incomes policies to _______ inflation at source.
6. Parliament in Britain, strictly speaking, consists of three elements _____, ______ and _____.
7. Scotland has two types of criminal procedure, known as _____ and ______.
8. The policies that Britain pursued in the 1980's included ______ deregulation and _______.
9. The economic policy Britain pursued in the 50s and 60s was based on the theory of _________.
10. Irish small economy is marked by slow _______, high unemployment and ______ in public finance.
11. On November 19, 1863, Abraham _______ made a short Speech on the occasion of dedicating the national ______ at Gettysburg.
12. Though immigration had been a familiar aspect of American development throughout the _____ period the largest immigration ______ did not take place until 1815.
13. The WW II was the result of struggle between the great powers for ______ and ______ of the countries of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and militarist Japan.
14. ______, the Pacific Coast's largest and busiest commercial city, is the second largest city in population in the United States.
15. The United States is by fat the ______ industrial country in the world.
16. ______, the second largest city in California, is in an excellent position to trade with the Far East and the islands of the Pacific Ocean.
17. Agriculture can depend on _____ eastward to the 100th meridian and also in the Pacific Northwest.
18. The United States is divided into four major industrial regions: _______ the Middle Atlantic states, the South and ______.
19. The US agriculture is characterized by _______ and scientific farming.
20. _______ is the oldest written constitution in the world.
21. The President must take care that the _____ be faithfully ________-.
22. Amendments must have the approval of ______ of the states before they can enter into force.
23. The three branches of the government are in balance, through the system of ________.
24. Formal education in the United States consists of _______, ______and _______ education.
25. As private schools are not supported by public money, they rely on ______ sources and student ______ fees.
26. Canada is made up of ______ provinces and _________ territories.
27. With a wide coverage of forests, Canada ranks third in the manufacture of ______ and other forest products in the world.
28. Most Canadians are employed by the ______ sector and ________.
29. The House of Senate in Canada was designed to represent ________ of Canada and to take a "second look" at proposed legislation.
30. The two territories of Canada include the Northwest Territories and the ______.
31. _________ is regarded as Australia's largest lake in the world export of wool.
IV. Directions: Explain the following terms in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet. (15%)
1. Common law
2. IRA
3. the Chinese Exclusion Act
4. the Corn Belt
5. the Quebec Act of 1774
V. Directions: Give a brief answer to each of the following questions. Write your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet. (12%)
1. What kind of economic system does the United States have? What are its characteristics?
2. Give a brief account of the US Presidential powers.
3. What are the major problems associated with the Australian economy? Say something about the economic reforms under the Hawke - Leating government.
4. Why is New Zealand sometimes called "the world's biggest farm"?
VI. Directions: Write between 100 -150 words on the following topic in the corresponding space on your answer sheet. (8%)
1. What are the periods of the evolution of British economy since the Second World War?
全国高等教育自学考试模拟试卷（一）
英语国家概况参考答案
I.
1. D
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. D
6. C
7. C
8. A
9. D
10. B
11. A
12. D
13. B
14. B
15. D
16. C
17. D
18. D
19. D
20. A
21. D
22. B
23. C
24. D
25. B
II.
1. T
2. F
3. TT
4. T
5. T
6. T
7. T
8. F
9. T
10. T
11. T
12. T
13. T
14. T
15. F
III.
1. rocky; deep
2. Surplus; deficit;
3. Pope's; Christian
4. Power; separately
5. Monetary; suppress
6. the Crown; the House of Commons; the House of Lord
7. Solemn procedure; summary procedure
8. privatization; market Liberalization
9. John M, Keynes
10. growth; imbalance
11. Lincoln; cemetery
12. colonial; movement
13. control of the world; military expansion
14. Los Angeles
15. biggest
16. San Francisco
17. natural rainfall
18. the Midwest the Pacific Coast
19. a high level of mechanization
20. The American Consitution
21. Laws; executed
22. three - fourths
23. checks and balance
24. elementary; secondary; higher
25. private; tuition
26. 10; 2
27. lumber
28. service; manufacturing
29. various regions
30. Yukon
31. Lake Eyre
IV.
1. Common law
It is one of the main components of the British Constitution. It refers to numerous decisions which have been made by the courts in different times of the English history.
2. IRA
Unofficial semi - military organization based in the Republic of Ireland. It was created in Jan. 1919 as successor to the Irish Volunteers, a militant group founded in 1913. Its purpose was to render British rule in Ireland ineffective by the use of armed forces and thus to assist in achieving the broader political objective of an independent republic. It gained its notorious fame in 60s and 70s as it was responsible for many bombing, assassinating and kidnapping
3. the Chinese Exclusion Act
When the gold rush and the construction of the railroad were over, the Chinese labors were turned onto the labor market. Soon there emerged a widespread hostility towards the Chinese. In May, 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act which stopped Chinese immigation for 10 years.
4. the Corn Belt
It refers to the region where most corn is grown, It is in the Midwest. It stretches from Ohio the eastern South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas. It covers northern Missouri, southem Minnesota, and almost all of Iowa, Indiana, and Illinois.
5. the Quebec Act of 1774
The British - appointed governor, Sir Guy Carleton, recognized the French character of Quebec. This recognition was made official by the Quebec Act of 1774, in which the British Parliament granted the people of Quebec rights as French Canadians. The Act introduced English criminal law but kept French civil law and recognized the right of Catholic Chruch.
V.
1. The United States has a free - market economic system. It has two main characteristics. One is its dominant private sector. The privately owned and operated business produce about 85% of the total output of goods and services. In the United States private ownership accounts for a larger share of the economy than in any other developed country. The other is the increasing role of government in the economy. Since the Great Depression, the government has been more and more involved in the regulation of the economy.
2. Under the Constitution, President of the United States has important powers in legislative and judicial powers. He shares certain law - making powers with the Congress, He can veto any bill passed by the Congress. He can veto any bill passed by the Congress, and unless two - thirds in each house vote to override the veto, the boll does not become law. He has the power to give reprieves and pardons in federal criminal cases, and to appoint federal judges and Supreme Court judges. He also has executive powers. His highest duty is to carry out the law. He is the Commander - in - chief of the US armed forces. Besides, he enjoys powers in foreign affairs. He is primarily responsible for the US relations with other countries. He has the power to appoint ambassadors, ministers and consuls.
3. Major structural problems in Australian economy can be summed up as these: (1) Over - reliance on primary commodity exports. The problem is that prices of primary products and materials tend to fluctuate in world market as a result of overproduction from other rivals; (2) Weak manufacturing industry under protection by high rate; (3) Decreasing participation in the world trade.
The Hawke - Keating government in the mid - 1980s tried to solve these problems by remolding Australian's economic structure. This includes reform of financial markets, taxation, primary and manufacturing, industry protection, aviation, waterfront, telecommunications and government business enterprises.
Further initiatives were also underway in road and railway transport, electricity generation and distribution, and the labor market.
4. New Zealand is sometimes called "the world's biggest farm." However, although it has an ideal climate for grassland farming, little land is naturally arable and much of it is mountainous. Scientists and farmers have developed techniques for grassland management. About two thirds of farmers is too rugged to be fertilized or sewn by tractor, so New Zealand has been a pioneer in agricultural aviation, using locally developed aircraft to spread fertilizer and seeds from the air. New Zealand is the world's largest exporter of lamb and mutton. It is also the largest exporter of dairy products.
VI.
(Key Points)
1. Steady development in the 50s and 60s
The British economy suffered a great deal from the war, but it suffered less direct war damage than other European countries and Japan. The consumer demand checked by the war soon became an important factor in contributing to the development of the economy. The British economy in this period is characterized by slow but steady growth, low unemployment and great material prosperity with rising standards of consumption.
2. Economic recession in the 70s
In the1970s among the developed countries Britain maintained the lowest growth rate and the highest inflation rate. In some years of the period Britain even had a minus growth and the trade deficits were the highest among the Western countries.
3. Economic recovery in the 80s
In March 1979 the Conservative Party under the leadership of Mrs. Thatcher won the election. The new government adopted an economic program known as Medium - term Financial Strategy. The new economic program was based on the theory of the new classical school of thought. Privatization, deregulation and market liberalization replaced prices and incomes control and state interventionism.