三、谓语动词

(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致

①、主谓分割原则
例1：To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle,
　A
America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom.
BCD
分析：C错，应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开，主语the bald eagle为单数，谓语动词也应该用单数形式。

②、与后者一致原则
not…but, 强调but后面的名词，
not only…but also

③、与前者一致原则
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词，谓语用is,
中心词在前面，谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致
例：The athlete, together with his coach and
ABC
several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games.
　D
分析：D错，与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致，改为is

④、就近原则
or, either…or, neither…nor,
单数名词+or+复数名词+are
如果把句子变为一般疑问句，也就是把be动词提到前面，那么变为is
所以注意一点： 如果是陈述句，靠后面近，用复数
　 如果是疑问句，靠前面近，用单数
例：The structure or behavior of many protozoans are
　 AB　
amazingly complex for single-celled animals.
　 C　 D
分析：A错，应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断，主语应该为复数，or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致，behavior是用单数形式，因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。

⑤定语从句主语就近原则
There are five apples that are red.
apples是复数，因此从句谓语动词是复数。
例：A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets
A　
carry a supply that last just a few seconds.
　B C　 D
分析：D错，应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数，其谓语动词应为单数形式。

⑥the +形容词主谓一致
The rich are not always happier than the poor.
The rich 表示一类人，应该用复数

⑦、倒装句的主谓一致
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况：
a. there be 句型
there be+名词+名词，那么最近的名词决定其形式
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词，名词其实是主语，所以be和名词保持一致
例：There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate.
　A　BCD　
分析：there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式，society当然用单数，A错，there are 改为there is

例：Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific
A　B　
　 Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30
C
　 miles in width.
　D　
分析：倒装句，are改为is
例：Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and
AB C
Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film
D
　 presented on the five-story-tall screen.
分析：D错，应改为films , 主语实际上是名词，应该与谓语动词保持一致。

⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致
fifty percent of + 名词
one percent of + 名词
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系，主要取决于后面的名词，比如：
　 one percent of my students + are
　 fifty percent of my time is spent on working.
这里要强调两个结构
half of =fifty percent
most of + 可数名词　+ are
most of + 不可数名词+ is
例：Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been
　A　B　C
　 found in central and eastern Canada.
D
分析：C错，应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语，作主语的中心词half当然表复数，相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。
例：Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized
　A　B　
in the United States are for foods and beverages.
　 C D
分析：A错，应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品，beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料，故（C）、（D）均没有错。

(二) 谓语动词的时态

①、主要考察时间状语
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century.
　A　 BC　D
分析：Metal, aluminum同位语，in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态，把has been改为was

②、For和since的区别
区别一：For 后面使用时间段，since 后面使用时间点
区别二：Since 只能用在现在完成时态，For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时
　 I has been a teacher for three years.
　 I has been a teacher since 1996.
　 I was a teacher for three years.　这种表达可以，for three years表示一段时间，was 表示过去做了三年，现在不是老师了
例： Since 1921 the budget of the United States became
　AB　
the primary responsibility of the president.
　C　 D
分析：A错，应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态，而句中谓语动词为过去式，其时间状语应与之呼应，故改Since为In。
例：Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of
A　 B　 C
　 the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years.
D
分析：D错，应改为for。since引导时间状语时，主句谓语动词为一般完成时；主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for；而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。

52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.　
　A　BC D
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态，live

(三) 谓语的语态
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。
有四组动词是改错题中常考的：

①、prove
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的
尽管是被证明，但习惯上用主动；
例：A majority of the reports received from people claiming
A
to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be
BC
　 mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked.
D
分析：D错，应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词，如果把D理解为并列句，不仅时态不对，语义也有问题，故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。

②、Locate，Situate
这两个词可以用作主动，表示把…放置在…地方；确定…的位置
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置
这两个词也可以用作被动
My school was located near the river.
区分locate的主动和被动比较难，但是有一个技巧存在：locate如果用作主动，后面必须跟宾语
例：The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint.
　(A)locates
　(B)locating
　(C)to locate
　(D)is located
分析：空格处显然缺谓语动词，故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语，所以用作被动,表示“位于”，所以D为正确选项。

③、表示需要概念的动词
need, want, require等
My watch needed repairing
My watch needed to be repaired.

④、表示人的情感的动词
move, annoy, surprise, please等
He is so moving.他令人感到感动。
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。
主动和被动技巧总结：
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话，前面必然有be动词
例：The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the
　A　
United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams,
　B
power structures, and flood-control works along
C
the Tennessee River and its tributary streams.
D
分析：A错，应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式