专八听力：专八Mini-lecture中常用符号（1）

　    Abbreviations in Note taking
Use only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.

Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references.
S = sum
f = frequency

Leave out periods in standard abbreviations.
cf = compare
e.g. = example
dept = department

Use only the first syllable of a word.
pol = politics
dem = democracy
lib = liberal
cap = capitalism

Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.
pres = presentation
subj = subject
ind = individual
cons = conservative

Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation.
assoc = associate
biol = biology
info = information
ach = achievement
chem = chemistry
max = maximum
intro = introduction
conc = concentration
min = minimum
rep = repetition

Omit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.
ppd = prepared
prblm = problem
estmt = estimate
bkgd = background
gvt = government
Use an apostrophe in place of letters.
am't = amount
cont'd = continued
gov't = government
educat'l = educational

Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.
chpts = chapters
egs = examples
fs = frequencies
intros = introductions