The Metropolitan Museum of Art opened an exhibition on the Pre-Raphaelites of the 19th century last week, with 30 pieces showing wistful figures in draped clothing often surrounded with flowers. But while the floral touches might seem like colorful accents to us, to Victorians there was a language in the flowers.

上周，美国大都会博物馆举办了一场19世纪前拉斐尔派画展，展出的30幅作品中，裹着长袍的画中人凝神静思，身边往往鲜花簇拥。虽然画中的花朵对我们来说看上去像多彩的点缀，但对维多利亚时期的人来说，花儿们有其独特的花语。

Daffodils

黄水仙花

Daffodils, with their sunny hues, could mean unrequited love and chivalry, and here rest alongside the scrap of sheet music in Rossetti's "Veronica Veronese" (1872).

黄水仙拥有阳光的色泽，可以象征单相思和骑士精神。在罗赛蒂的《维罗妮卡·维罗纳》（1872）中，黄水仙花放置于曲谱之上。

Apple Blossoms

苹果花

An apple blossom could mean good fortune, the promise of better things ahead, or preference, and here Rossetti wraps an idolized woman from a Giovanni Boccaccio poem in its blooms.

苹果花可以象征好运、未来会更好的承诺或者偏爱。在这里，罗赛蒂把乔万尼·薄伽丘诗歌中一位偶像化的女子卷裹于苹果花之中。

Roses

玫瑰花

Still a common symbol, roses for the Victorians also meant love. Depending on their color, they could indicate the deepness or innocence of that love, ranging from white for purity to burgundy for an unconscious adoration. Here they are pink in a vase in a Rossetti study.

玫瑰花至今仍是常用的示爱之花，对维多利亚时期的人来说它也表示爱情。不同颜色的玫瑰花可以代表爱的深度或纯度，从象征天真的白玫瑰到象征无意识爱恋的紫红玫瑰，不一而足。在罗赛蒂的书房里，花瓶里插的玫瑰是粉红色的。

Hawthorn

山楂花

Hawthorn was used to symbolize hope, and also could be used as a charm against magic. Here Merlin is tangled in its branches in an 1874 painting by Edward Burne-Jones.

山楂花既用于象征希望，也用于象征对抗魔法的咒语。在爱德华·伯恩－琼斯这幅1874年的画作中，梅林法师被山楂树枝缠住了。

Daisies

雏菊花

When John Everett Millais painted the doomed Ophelia of Shakespeare's Hamlet, he gave her all the flowers of the original text in the lush scene of death. Included are daisies for innocence, which could also symbolize purity and even "farewell."

约翰·埃弗里特·米莱斯在依照莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》来创作这幅逝世的奥菲莉娅时，他按照原文为她描画了簇拥的花朵，表现出浓郁的死亡气息。这其中就包括象征天真的雏菊，它同时还可以象征纯洁以及“再见”。

The Poppy

罂粟花

Seen in the bottom right corner of Dante Gabriel Rossetti's "Lady Lilith" (1867) — which is crowded with symbolic flowers — the red poppy often meant imagination and eternal sleep, but also pleasure.

在但丁·加百利·罗赛蒂这幅画满象征性花朵的《莉莉斯小姐》中，我们可以在画面右下角看到红色的罂粟花，它通常表示想象和永恒的沉睡，但也象征欢乐。

The Language of Flower Names

可以用作人名的花儿的花语

ACACIA - Concealed Love; Beauty in Retirement; Chaste Love

金合欢：隐藏的爱；隐退之美；贞洁的爱

AMARYLLIS - Pride; Pastoral Poetry

石蒜花：骄傲；田园诗

ASTER - Symbol of Love: Daintiness

紫菀花：爱的象征；文雅

AZALEA - Take Care of Yourself for Me; Temperance; Fragile Passion

杜鹃花：为了我而保重；节制；易逝的热情

BLUEBELL - Humility

风铃花：谦恭

CAMELLIA - Admiration; Perfection; Good Luck

山茶花：倾慕；完美；好运

GARDENIA - You're Lovely; Secret Love

栀子花：你很可爱；秘密的爱

HEATHER - Admiration; Solitude

石南花：倾慕；孤独

HYACINTH Purple - I Am Sorry; Please Forgive Me; Sorrow

风信子（紫色）：对不起；请原谅我；悲伤

IRIS - Your Friendship Means So Much to Me; Faith; Hope; Wisdom; My Compliments

鸢尾花：你的友情对我来说如此重要；信念；智慧；我的赞美

IVY - Wedded Love; Fidelity; Friendship; Affection

常青藤：夫妇之爱；忠诚；友谊；热爱

JONQUIL - Love Me; Affection Returned; Desire; Sympathy

长寿花：爱我；回报的爱；欲望；同情

LILY White - Virginity; Purity; Majesty; It's Heavenly to Be with You

百合（白色）：贞洁；纯洁；庄严；和你在一起是无上的快乐

MAGNOLIA - Nobility

玉兰：高贵

MARIGOLD – Cruelty; Grief; Jealousy

金盏花：残酷；悲痛；嫉妒

ORCHID - Love; Beauty; Refinement; Beautiful Lady

兰花：爱；美；精致；美丽的女人

PEONY - Shame; Gay Life; Happy Marriage

牡丹：羞愧；快乐的生活；美满的婚姻

PETUNIA - Resentment; Anger; Your Presence Soothes me

矮牵牛：憎恨；愤怒；你的存在予我以慰藉

PRIMROSE - I Can't Live Without You

月见草：我不能没有你

TULIP - Perfect Lover; Fame

郁金香：完美爱人；名誉

VIOLET- Modesty

紫罗兰：谦逊