Smoking and Health
　Today cigarette smoking is a widespread habit all over the world. It was reported recently that smokers make up one quarter of the world population， while in China， 33.9 precent above the age of 15 are smokers. It's a very serious problem because not only the old， the youth， but also middle school students and girls have been engaged in smoking.
　Many heavy smokers say they cannot leave off， although they know smoking is harmful to their health and they have tried again and again to stop.
 Scientific research shows that smoking is not only harmful to smokers themselves， but also a threat to public health， especially to women and children. The poisonous gas from smoking is one of the major causes of many kinds of diseases. Therefore， many countries have worked out laws forbidding smokers to smoke in public places such as cinemas， hospitals and stations.
 
Smoking and Health
 
 We meet smokers everywhere. There are 6.5 billion people in the world, and about 1.2 billion of them are smokers, which make up to 20 percent of the world’s total population. Not only the old, the youth, but also middle school students have been engaged in smoking. Many of them think that smoking is a smart symbol.
 
 Smoking harmful to the health of smokers. First, those who smoke too much may not live long. Smoking may cause many diseases. The most serious one is lung cancer. Smoking costs a great deal of money.second, smoking is hazardous to the health of others. If all smokers give up smoking, we can enjoy clearer air.
 
 Luckily, more and more people have come to realize the great harm of smoking. However, tobacco, unlike other natural disasters, can be prevented and controlled, smoke-free world, and need everyone's efforts!
smoking and health
 It's said that a half Chinese are smoking . A large of boys and girls had been form the habbit of smoking.
 As we know smoking is harmfull for health . Although they well ware the problems ,they always smoking and with a lucy attitude. In their view: smoking is very intersting . Even more some people think smoking can prove a people's atmospher and can relax themseves.
  In the smok there are many harmfull sustains such as nicotine(尼古丁) carbon monoxide and so on . Nicotine included in a smok can kill a mouse and twenty smoks can kill a cattle . You can calculate how many you had been smoking and calculate how many mouses or cattls you had killed .
 When you are smoking you will more harmfull for other people who stand behind you . The smoking to other people is secondhand smok . It will bad for skin especial female who care her performance .
   If you want live long you must stop smoking . If you care people who live your behind you must stop smoking .
 
Smoking And Health
 Today smoking is a widespread habit ali over the world. Not only the old, the youth, but also middle school students have been engaged in smoking. Many of them think that smoking is a smart symbol.
 However, smoking is harmful to one's ,health. It contributes a lot of lung cancer, from which many people have died in the past years. It can also cause many other diseases. In a word, if you smoke, you do have a much greater chance of losing your health. Furthermore, scientific research shows that smoking is not only harmful to smokers themselves, but also a threat to public health, especially to women and children. Therefore, many countries have made laws forbidding smokers to smoke m public places such as cinemas, stations, hospitals, and so on Giveup smoking! If you don't smoke, don't start. Give upsmoking for the sake of your health, for the sake of your family, and for the sake of the whole world.
 Smoking and Cancer 吸烟和癌  19. Smoking and Cancer 吸烟和癌
1. Americans smoke six thousand million cigarettes every year (1970 figures).This is roughly the equivalent of 4,195 cigarettes a year for every person in the country of 18 years of age or more. It is estimated that 51% of American men smoke compared with 34% of American women.
1、美国人每年抽烟60亿支(1970年的统计数字)。这大致等于每个18岁以上的人一年要吸4195支烟。据估计，美国有51％的男性吸烟：而女性吸烟的比例则为34％。
2. Since 1939, numerous scientific studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking, particularly cigarette smoking, is associated with shortened life expectancy.
2 1939年以来，为了确定抽烟是否有害健康进行了大量的科学研究。证据所显示的趋势是一贯的，并表明对人体的健康有严重的危险。许多研究小组进行的研究不容置疑地表明，吸食烟草，特别是吸卷烟与预期寿命缩短有关。
3. Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of the bladder and the oral cavity. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. (Female smokers are thought at to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.) The majority of doctors and researchers consider these relationships proved to their satisfaction and say, "Give up smoking. If you don't smoke--don't start!"
3．这方面的研究人员大都相信吸卷烟是产生肺癌、喉癌的重要因素，还认为膀胱癌、口腔癌也与此有关。男性吸烟者的心脏病死亡率比不吸烟的高。(他们认为女性吸烟者受影响小一些，因为她们吸烟不那么深。)大多数医生和研究人员认为，上述那些关系己得到令人满意的证实，并且告诫说：“戒烟
吧，如果你不会抽--那可不要学!”
4. Some competent physicians and research workers--though their small number is decreased even further--are less sure of the effect of cigarette smoking on health. They consider the increase in respiratory diseases and various forms of cancer may possibly be explained by other factors in the complex human environment --atmospheric pollution, increased nervous stress, chemical substances in processed food, or chemical pesticides that are now being used by farmers in vast quantifies to destroy insects and small animals. Smokers who develop cancer or lung diseases, they say, may also, by coincidence, live in industrial areas, or eat more canned food. Gradually, however, research is isolating all other possible factors and proving them to be statistically irrelevant.
4有些精通业务的医生和研究人员--虽然这些人不多，并且人数在进一步减少--不那么肯定吸卷烟对人体健康有影响。他们认为呼吸系统疾病和各种癌症的增多也许可以说是由于人类复杂环境中另外一些因素，即：空气的污染、人们精神压力的增大、经过加工的食品中的化学物质、或化学杀虫药引起的。农民现在大量使用这些农药杀死昆虫和小动物。据他们说，那些患了癌症或肺病的人可能恰巧也住在工业区，或是吃了更多的罐头食品。但是研究工作逐渐排除了其它因素的可能性，并且用统计数字证明这些因素是无关的。
5. Apart from the scientific statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco actually does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash, and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is a powerful poison, and black tar. As the smoke is breathed in, all these components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube, or bronchus, divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point.
5除了科学统计之外，研究工作还有助于认清吸食烟草对人体的实际影响。抽烟产生的烟雾是一种混合的气体，包括气化的化学物质，极小的灰末微粒和其它固体，还有毒性很强的尼古丁和黑焦油。当吸进烟时，所有这些成分就都沉淀在肺膜上。在气管和支气管分支的地方有一个集中点。大部分肺癌就从这里发端。
6. Smoking also affects the heart and blood vessels. It is known to be related to Bearger's disease, a narrowing of the small veins in the hands and feet that can cause great pain and lead even to amputation of limbs. Smokers also die much more often from heart disease.
6抽烟也影响心脏和血管。现已查明抽烟与伯尔格氏病有关。这种疾病使手脚的细静脉不断缩小，从而引起剧烈疼痛甚至会导致截肢。抽烟者死于心脏病的也比不吸烟的人多得多。
7. While all tobacco smoking affects life and expectancy and health, cigarette smoking appears to have a much greater effect than cigar or pipe smoking. However, nicotine consumption is not diminished by the latter forms, and current research indicates a causal relationship between all forms of smoking and cancer of the mouth and throat. Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only marginally reduce, not eliminate the hazards.
7．尽管吸食各种烟草都会影响预期寿命和健康，但是抽香烟的影响要比抽雪茄和抽烟斗大得多。不过，后两种并不能减少对尼古丁的吸食，并且当前的研究指出各式各样的吸烟都和口腔癌、喉癌有某种因果关系。据称过滤嘴香烟和低焦油烟草能使吸烟在某种程度上比较安全，但是这只能略微减少危害，而不能消除危害。
Smoking and Cancer 吸烟和癌
1. Americans smoke six thousand million cigarettes every year (1970 figures). This is roughly the equivalent of 4,195 cigarettes a year for every person in the country of 18 years of age or more. It is estimated that 51% of American men smoke compared with 34% of American women.
美国人每年抽烟60亿支(1970年的统计数字)。这大致等于每个18岁以上的人一年要吸4195支烟。据估计，美国有51％的男性吸烟，而女性吸烟的比例则为34％。
American =美国人；
thousand=一千；
million =百万；
cigarette =香烟；
figure =统计数字；
roughly =.概略地；
equivalent=相等的；
person =人；
estimate=估计；
compare with =比较；
本段中有种常见的句子结构形式：为It is……that ……的句子如：
It is estimated that 51% of American men smoke compared with 34% of American women. 本句that引导的是主语从句
数词+名词修饰名词时，数词后面的名词一般保留单数形式。例如Six thousand million cigarettes：
数词six＋名词单数thousand million修饰名词cigarettes， 60亿支烟
2. Since 1939, numerous scientific studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking, particularly cigarette smoking, is associated with shortened life expectancy.
1939年以来，为了确定抽烟是否有害健康进行了大量的科学研究。证据所显示的趋势是一贯的，并表明对人体的健康有严重的危险。许多研究小组进行的研究不容置疑地表明，吸食烟草，特别是吸卷烟与预期寿命缩短有关。
since =自...以来；
numerous =许多的；
scientific=科学的；
studies =study的复数，研究；
conduct=进行；
determine =确定；
whether ＝是否；
health hazard ＝危害健康；
hazard =使遭危险；
trend =趋势；
evidence=证据；
consistent =一致的；
indicate=指出；
serious=严重的；
risk =冒险；
research ＝研究；
team＝组；
beyond all doubt＝毫无疑问的，doubt=怀疑；
reasonable=有道理的；
 tobacco =烟草；
particularly =特别是；
cigarette =卷烟；
associated with= 把...联系起来；
shorten =缩短；
life expectancy ＝平均寿命，expectancy =预期；
3. Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of the bladder and the oral cavity. Male cigarette Smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. (Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.) The majority of doctors and researchers consider these relationships proved to their satisfaction and say, "Give up smoking. If you don't smoke—don't start!"
这方面的研究人员大都相信吸卷烟是产生肺癌、喉癌的重要因素，还认为膀胱癌、口腔癌也与此有关。男性吸烟者的心脏病死亡率比不吸烟的高。(他们认为女性吸烟者受影响小一些，因为她们吸烟不那么深。)大多数医生和研究人员认为，上述那些关系已得到令人满意的证实，并且告诫说：“戒烟吧，如果你不会抽—那可不要学!”
factor=因素；
development =产生；
lung = 肺；
throat=喉咙；
related =有关系的；
bladder=膀胱；
oral cavity=口腔；
male =男性；
death rate ＝死亡率，rate比率；
heart disease=心脏病；
non =非, 不；
female =女性的；
affected =受到影响的；
no…so…＝不是那样；
breathe=呼吸；
deeply =深地；
majority=多数；
consider =认为；
relationship ＝关系；
proved =被证实的；
satisfaction =令人满意的；
Give up=放弃；
….. the development of cancer of the lungs …..翻译有关of 的内容时，从后往前一个一个of 翻译，这句话就是先翻译cancer of the lungs――肺的癌症，然后再翻译the development of 肺的癌症―――肺癌的产生
本课曾是2003全国春季高考题中的【完形填空】中的一道题，在此提供给大家熟悉此类型题：
Since 1939 ,numerous scientific studies have been conducted to determine 1 smoking is a health threat.The 2 of the 3 has been consistent (constant) and indicates that there is a serious health risk.Research teams have conducted studies that show 4 all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking ,particularly cigarette smoking is 5 with a 6 life expectancy(time).
Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this 7 to be an important 8 in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related 9 cancer of other organs.Male cigarette smokers have a higher death 10 from heart disease than non-smoking males.(Female smokers are thought to be 11 affected because they do not breathe in the smoke 12 deeply.) The 13 of physicians and researchers consider these relationships proved 14 their satisfaction and say,“Give 15 smoking,If you don’t smoke don’t start!”
1.A.that                       B.whether                           C.what                        D.which
2.A.style                     B.fashion                            C.trend                        D.drift
3.A.matter                   B.affair                              C.exhibit                     D.evidence
4.A.to                         B.in                                   C.beyond                     D.for
5.A.associated              B.joined                             C.mixed                      D.tied
6.A.cutting                  B.shortened                        C.lessening                  D.lengthened
7.A.field                     B.part                                C.aspect                      D.ground
8.A.point                     B.key                                 C.factor                       D.step
9.A.of                         B.on                                         C.by                                  D.to
10.A.rate                     B.ratio                               C.pace                         D.speed
11.A.mentally              B.less                                 C.directly                           D.strongly
12.A.far                      B.such                                C.so                            D.still
13.A.few                     B.majority                          C.minority                   D.most
14.A.to                       B.for                                  C.with                         D.of
15.A.in                       B.up                                         C.away                        D.out
训练指要
完形填空要求考生跳读全文，通篇考虑，掌握大意，并能综合运用所学词汇、语法等知识及文章的文化背景与上下文逻辑关系，从每小题所提供的四个选项中选出最佳答案，使短文得以恢复本来面貌，做到文理通顺，结构完整。在解题过程中考生需要随时设想所遇空白中应该出现的内容，而后再以该题选项来验证自己的推测，做出调整或修正
 4、Some competent physicians and research workers—though their small number is decreased even further—are less sure of the effect of cigarette smoking on health. They consider the increase in respiratory diseases and various forms of cancer may possibly be explained by other factors in the complex human environment —atmospheric pollution, increased nervous stress, chemical substances in processed food, or chemical pesticides that are now being used by farmers in vast quantities to destroy insects and small animals. Smokers who develop cancer or lung diseases, they say, may also, by coincidence, live in industrial areas, or eat more canned food. Gradually, however, research is isolating all other possible factors and proving them to be statistically irrelevant.
有些精通业务的医生和研究人员—虽然这些人不多，并且人数在进一步减少—不那么肯定吸卷烟对人体健康有影响。他们认为呼吸系统疾病和各种癌症的增多也许可以说是由于人类复杂环境中另外一些因素，即：空气的污染、人们精神压力的增大、经过加工的食品中的化学物质、或化学杀虫药引起的。农民现在大量使用这些农药杀死昆虫和小动物。据他们说，那些患了癌症或肺病的人可能恰巧也住在工业区，或是吃了更多的罐头食品。但是研究工作逐渐排除了其它因素的可能性，并且用统计数字证明这些因素是无关的。
competent =有能力的；
physician =医师；
research worker=研究人员；
though =虽然；
decrease =减少；
even =甚至；
are sure of =确信，sure对....有把握；
less＝很少，little的比较级，含否定意义；
effect=影响；
consider =认为；
increase =增加；
respiratory=.呼吸的；
various =各种各样的；
form =形式；
explain=解释, 说明；
complex =复杂的；
human environment ＝人类环境，environment环境；
atmospheric pollution ＝大气污染，atmospheric大气的；
nervous =神经紧张的；
stress =压力；
chemical ＝化学的；
substance=物质；
process=加工；
pesticide =杀虫剂；
farmer＝农夫；
vast=大量的；
quantity =数量；
destroy=消灭；
insect =昆虫；
animal＝动物；
by coincidence=碰巧；
industrial =工业的；
area =区域；
canned=罐装的；
gradually =逐渐地；
isolate = 使孤立；
possible=可能的；
statistically =统计上地；
irrelevant =不相关的；
　and的前后时态要一致，如本段中的如下句子：
research is isolating all other possible factors and proving them to be statistically irrelevant：and的前后时态要一致，因此采用proving和前面的isolating时态一致；
5. Apart from the scientific statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco actually does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash, and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is a powerful poison, and black tar. As the smoke is breathed in, all these components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube, or bronchus, divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point.
5、除了科学统计之外，研究工作还有助于认清吸食烟草对人体的实际影响。抽烟产生的烟雾是一种混合的气体，包括气化的化学物质，极小的灰末微粒和其它固体，还有毒性很强的尼古丁和黑焦油。当吸进烟时，所有这些成分就都沉淀在肺膜上。在气管和支气管分支的地方有一个集中点。大部分肺癌就从这里发端。
apart from＝除…之外， apart =分开的；
statistics =统计学；
helpful ＝有助于；
tobacco =烟草；
actually =事实上；
mixture =混合；
gas＝气体；
vaporize= (使)蒸发；
minute ＝微小的；
particle =微粒；
 ash=灰；
solid ＝固体；
nicotine=尼古丁（烟碱）；
powerful =强大的；
poison=毒药；
tar=焦油；
breathe in＝吸进；
component=成分；
deposit=堆积物；
membrane =膜；
point ＝点；
concentration =集中；
tube =管子；
bronchus =支气管；
divide =分开, 隔开；
　6. Smoking also affects the heart and blood vessels. It is known to be related to Beurger's disease, a narrowing of the small veins in the hands and feet that can cause great pain and lead even to amputation of limbs. Smokers also die much more often from heart disease.
6、抽烟也影响心脏和血管。现已查明抽烟与伯尔格氏病有关。这种疾病使手脚的细静脉不断缩小，从而引起剧烈疼痛甚至会导致截肢。抽烟者死于心脏病的也比不吸烟的人多得多。
Affect=影响；
blood vessels=血管；
relate to =涉及；
disease ＝疾病；
narrowing=缩小；
veins = 静脉，vein的复数；
feet ＝脚，foot的复数；
cause ＝导致；
pain＝痛苦；
lead to＝导致；
 amputation=切断手术；
limb =肢；
……lead even to amputation of limbs.当你在一句话中看到lead一词时，看看后面是否能发现to^_^，lead to＝导致
7. While all tobacco smoking affects life and expectancy and health, cigarette smoking appears to have a much greater effect than cigar or pipe smoking. However, nicotine consumption is not diminished by the latter forms, and current research indicates a causal relationship between all forms of smoking and cancer of the mouth and throat. Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only marginally reduce, not eliminate the hazards.
　尽管吸食各种烟草都会影响预期寿命和健康，但是抽香烟的影响要比抽雪茄和抽烟斗大得多。不过，后两种并不能减少对尼古丁的吸食，并且当前的研究指出各式各样的吸烟都和口腔癌、喉癌有某种因果关系。据称过滤嘴香烟和低焦油烟草能使吸烟在某种程度上比较安全，但是这只能略微减少危害，而不能消除危害。
while =尽管；
appear＝看来；
cigar =雪茄；
pipe=烟斗；
however =不过、可是；
nicotine =烟碱；
consumption =消费；
diminished=减少了的；
current=当前的；
indicate =显示；
causal=原因的；
relationship=关系；
filter=过滤；
tar =焦油；
claim =声称；
to some extent＝某种程度上，extent程度；
safer＝安全，safe的比较级；marginally=略微；
eliminate =排除, 消除；
hazard=使遭危险；
between….and…＝在A和B之间；
only…not＝跟...差不多；
不定式：一定是to＋动词原型，如下句中的have
…..cigarette smoking appears to have a much greater effect……：抽香烟看来有很大影响，to have是不定式，所以要用原型have
…..causal relationship between all forms of smoking and cancer of the mouth…..：当你在一句话中看到between一词时，看看后面是否能发现and ，between….and…＝在A和B之间
本课曾是2003全国春季高考题中的【完形填空】中的一道题，在此提供给大家熟悉此类型题：
Smoking does 16 to the lungs.Smoking also affects the heart and blood vessels.Smokers also die much more often 17 heart disease.
While all tobacco smoking affects life expectancy and health,cigarette smoking appears to have a much greater effect than cigar or pipe smoking. 18 ,nicotine consumption is not decreased by the latter forms,and current research indicates a 19 relationship between all forms of smoking and cancer of the mouth and throat.Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some 20 safer,but they can only marginally reduce,not eliminate the threats.
16.A.harm                   B.injury                             C.wound                     D.hurt
17.A.in                       B.from                               C.with                         D.by
18.A.Moreover            B.Though                           C.Therefore                 D.However
19.A.personal              B.intimate                          C.causal                      D.social
20.A.area                           B.length                             C.size                          D.extent根据下面提示，写一篇题为“Give up Smoking”的短文，词数约120。
1. 不少学生可能抽烟，学生中抽烟的人数还在增多。
2. 一份调查报告透露，某些学校五分之二以上的学生在抽烟，个别学生甚至偷钱买烟。
3. 对于中学生来说，抽烟的危害比成年人更大。抽烟不仅有害于身体，还有害于思想。
4. 中学生是国家未来的建设者，抽烟的学生该下决心戒烟了。
范文
Giving up Smoking
Now many students smoke and the number has been increasing. According to the investigation, more than two fifths of the students in a certain school smoke and some even steal money to buy cigarettes. It is really a serious problem for so many students to smoke.
As we know, smoking is very harmful to our health. For us teenagers, it does greater harm not only to our health but also to our minds.
Middle school students are the future builders of our motherland. We should devote our time to learning things useful and valuable for our country, for our people and for ourselves as well. So those who smoke should get rid of such a bad habit and form some good ones.How To Stop Smoking
Without Quitting Cold Turkey
 
 
 
 
The Preface
 
 
 I knew quitting smoking was the right thing to do — it was affecting my health and limiting my activities. I couldn't go on a serious hike, my handball game was on the skids, and my morning cough was scary. The smart part of me wanted to stop smoking, yet another part wanted to continue.
I'd quit for two weeks and start up again. Or it would be two months, or four months, or a weekend, but inevitably I'd start up again. If it was any consolation, I had plenty of company — all my friends and co-workers seemed to be going through the same quit and start-up cycles.
 I came to hate the hold smoking had over me. I felt like a drug addict, but it wasn't as if my friends and I were living in the street and stealing for our next fix — we were solid, hard working people. It didn't make sense that a drug such as nicotine could have such control over our lives.
 Somehow, it was more than the nicotine. There was a comfortable and secure feeling about having a cigarette. Having a smoke was a way of relaxing, thinking, and even looking cool; taking a nicotine pill just didn't have the same feeling as smoking.
 Finally, I did stop smoking for good, but my bewilderment over the habit's power lingered.
 Years later, while designing a project for a drug treatment program, the multiple layering concept of habit construction surfaced. Put simply, it states that habits get their strength from the many little acts in repetitive routines. Repetition creates a familiarity that transforms simple acts into soothing, calming rituals.
 In addition to their calming ability, habits make life easier by removing the need to pay attention to mundane tasks. Habitual tasks can be done without thinking. The act of getting dressed could take hours if each zipper and buttonhole had to be thought out. Instead, dressing becomes a habit, and gets done without a thought — not that different from the smoking habit.
 Therein lies the secret: habits contain complex networks of actions tied together to make life easier and less stressful. Little movements become single automatic, comforting actions. Thereby the strength of smoking does not lie in the drug nicotine, but in its web of connections tied to the actions involved with smoking.
 Focusing on the nicotine alone is the main problem with quitting cold turkey. It treats smoking as simply a nicotine addiction and ignores other connections to your life.
 With that insight, the solution became clear. Break the little bonds to your daily routines, and the smoking habit loses its power. With these connections eliminated and the addiction reduced, smoking becomes just another activity that you either do or don't do. No quitting needed. You just don't bother to smoke.
 This book combines these insights into a step-by-step program for stopping smoking. Originally designed as a series of smoking cessation workshops, the training has been modified to function as a complete individual program.