牛津实用英语语法 26形容词+动词不定式
分类: 英语学习方法
A下面将一些最常用的可与动词不定式连用的形容词按词义或类型大概分类。一些多义形容词可在不同类里重复出现。(关于形容词+介词,参见第96节。)带星号的形容词也可与that从句连用,有时that…should更常见。(参见第236节。)在B-E节中(除去B2节外)句子用it引导的结构。(参见第67节。)如果it+be…前的动词是find(发现)/think(想)/be-lieve(相信)等,有时可将that及动词be省略:He found that it was impossible to study at home.相当于:He found it impossible to study at home.他觉得不可能在家学习。B1 it+be+形容词(+of+宾语)+动词不定式结构主要与下列各类形容词连用:(a)表示性格的有:brave(勇敢的),careless(粗心的),cow-ardly(怯懦的),cruel(残酷的),generous(大方的),good(好的),nice(=kind善良的),mean(吝啬的,卑鄙的),rude(粗鲁的),selfish(自私的),wicked(邪恶的),wrong(不对的)等。与否定动词或疑问动词连用的有:fair*(公正的)/just* (正义的)/right*(对的)。(b)表示智能的有:clever(聪明的),foolish(愚蠢的),idiotic*(呆痴的),intelligent(有才智的),sensible(有见识的),silly(傻的),stupid(愚蠢的)。此外, absurd*(荒谬的),ludicrous*(荒唐的),ridiculous* (滑稽的)和unreasonable*(不合理的)有时也可这样使用。It was kind of you to help him.你帮助了他,真好心。It was stupid(of them) to leave their bicycles outside.(他们)真傻,居然把自行车放在外面了。(b)组形容词后的of+宾语结构可省略。有时该结构在(a)组形容词后也可省去,但good和nice除外。(后二者如果省略of+宾语则会改变good和nice的意义。参见E。)2代词+be+形容词+名词+动词不定式既可以与上面的形容词连用,又可以与下列形容词连用:astonishing*(令人惊讶的),curious*(奇怪的),extraordinary*(不寻常的),funny* (=strange*稀奇的),odd*(怪的),queer*(怪的),surpris-ing*(令人惊讶的)等。此外还有pointless(无意义的),useful(有用的)和useless(无用的)也可以这样使用。It was a sensible precaution to take.这样预防一下是明智的。That was a wicked thing to say.说那种话太恶劣了。这种评价式的话有时可用惊叹句来表达:What a funny way to park a car!这样停车好怪!What an odd time to choose!选的时间多怪!有时在一些表示不赞成的句子中,形容词可以省略:What a(silly) way to bring up a child!怎么用这种(愚蠢的)方法带孩子!What a time to choose!怎么选了这么个时间!that从句的例句如:It is strange/odd/surprising that he hasn’t answered.真是奇怪/古怪/令人惊讶,他怎么没回音。C it+be+形容词+动词不定式结构中可以用下列词:advisable*(合意的),inadvisable*(不可取的),better*(较好的),best(最好的),desirable*(可取的),essential*(必要的),good(好的,可取的),important*(重要的),necessary*(必要的),un-necessary*(不必要的),vital*(非常重要的)。也可以用only+fair*(公平的)/just*(合理的)/right*(对的)。例句如:—Wouldn’t it be better to wait?—No,It’s essential to book in advance.—等一等不更好吗?—不行,必须预先订票。可在除good以外的形容词后或在just后加for+宾语,但在good后会改变其意思,见下文E:It won’t be necessary for him to report to the police.他没必要去报告警察。It is only fair for him to have a chance.给他一次机会才是公平合理的。inessential(非必要的)和unimportant(不重要的)通常不这么用,但可以说not essential。D it+be+形容词(+for+宾语)+动词不定式结构中可以用下列形容词:convenient*(便利的),dangerous(危险的),diffi-cult(困难的),easy(容易的),hard*(艰难的),possible*(可能的),impossible(做不到的),safe(安全的),unsafe(不安全的)。(关于possible that的用法参见第27节E。)Would it be convenient(for you) to see Mr X now?(您)现在见X先生方便吗?It was dangerous(for women) to go out alone after dark.(妇女们)天黑以后单独出门是危险的。We found it almost impossible to buy petrol.我们发现几乎买不到汽油。(参见上面A。)上述形容词除possible之外,均可用于名词+be+形容词+动词不定式结构中:This cake is easy to make.这蛋糕很容易做。The instructions were hard to follow.这指示很难遵从。This car isn’t safe to drive.这辆车开起来不安全。E it+be+形容词/分词+动词不定式可以和下列表示人物感情或反应的形容词及分词连用:agreeable(适意的),awful*(糟糕的), delightful*(令人愉快的),disagreeable(令人不愉快的),dreadful*(可怕的),good*/nice*(=pleasant好的),horrible*(可怕的),lovely*(可爱的),marvellous*(奇妙的),splendid*(极好的),strange*(奇怪的),terrible*(可怕的),wonderful*(精彩的)。还可用下列动词的现在分词形式:alarm*(使惊慌),amaze* (使惊奇),amuse*(使感到好玩),annoy*(使烦躁),astonish*(使惊讶),bewilder(使困惑),bore(使厌烦),depress*(使感到压抑),disappoint*(使失望),discourage*(使沮丧),dis-gust*(使感厌恶),embarrass(使窘迫),encourage*(鼓励),excite(使激动), frighten(惊恐), horrify*(使恐惧), interest*(使感兴趣), surprise*(使惊讶), terrify(使恐怖), upset(使心绪烦乱)。名词fun(使人高兴的经历)和a relief(宽心的事)可与上述词同样用:It’s awful to be alone in such a place.独自呆在这种地方是够可怕的。It’s boring to do the same thing everyday.每天干同一种工作是挺烦人的。It was depressing to find the house empty.发现屋里没人,令人心里很郁闷。It would be fun/exciting/interesting to canoe down the river.划小艇顺河而下是很好玩的/令人兴奋的/有趣的。It was a relief to take off our wet boots.脱掉我们的湿靴子是个解脱。在lovely(可爱的),interesting(有趣的),marvellous(极妙的),nice(好的),wonderful(精彩的)等词之后加上for+宾语结构是常见的,for+宾语结构也可用在其他形容词之后:It’s interesting(for children) to see a house being built.(孩子们)看造房子是挺有趣的事。It was marvellous(for the boys) to have a garden to play in.(男孩子们)能有个花园在里面玩耍,真是妙极了。注意:如在good后面加上for+宾语,则把good的意义限制在healthy(有益健康的)/beneficial(有益处的)方面:It’s good for you to take regular exercise.经常锻炼对你的身体是有好处的。(good+动词不定式既有这种含义,也有“愉快的”/“好心的”和“适当的”等意思,请参见上面的B节与C节。)it+be+形容词+名词+动词不定式结构也可和上述形容词及分词连用:It was an exciting ceremony to watch.观看这个仪式真叫人兴奋。It was a horrible place to live(in).住在那个地方可是够可怕的。F在主语+be+形容词+动词不定式结构中如用下列形容词:angry*(发怒的), delighted*(高兴的), dismayed*(沮丧的),glad*(高兴的), happy(幸福的), pleased*(欢喜), relieved*(放心),sad*(伤心), sorry*(抱歉的)及上面E节中的动词的过去分词形式,可表示与上述相似的意思:I’m delighted to see you.我见到你很高兴。这里最常用的动词不定式有:to find(发现)/learn(得知)/hear(听说)/see(看到),但glad(高兴)/happy(幸福)/sad(悲伤)/sorry(抱歉)等形容词后面也常常使用to say(说)/tell(告诉)/inform(通知)及其他一些动词不定式:He was glad to leave school.他很高兴不去上学了。She was dismayed to find the door locked.发现门是锁着的,她非常沮丧。G主语+be+形容词/分词+动词不定式结构中可用下列词:able(能够)/unable(不能够); apt(易于的), inclined(倾向于赞同),liable(有义务的/易于……的),prone(有……倾向的/易于受到……的); prepared(有准备的), not prepared(=notready, not willing, unwilling没料到的,不情愿的),reluctant(勉强的); prompt(及时的), quick(迅速的),slow(慢的):We are all apt to make mistakes when we try to hurry.我们想赶快把事办完时,都容易出错误。I am inclined to believe him.我倾向于相信他。I am prepared/ready to help him.我准备帮助他。He was most reluctant to lend us the money.他很不情愿把钱借给我们。He was slow to realize that times had changed.相当于:He realized only slowly that times had changed.他慢慢地才认识到时代不同了。