Montage originates from a French architectural（建筑学的） term， which has been borrowed by the film－making field and refers to the choosing， cutting and combining of separate photographic material so as to make a connected film①． The film artists divide the content into different stages， scenes， etc． and treat them respectively（分别）； then based on the theme and the plot， use certain techniques，to edit them， producing the effects of coherence， echo， contrast， symbolization， exaggeration， foil and suspense， resulting in an integrated artistic work②． In Charlie Chaplin’s Modern Times， the first scene is of a flock of sheep being put into the fold（羊栏）， and the next is of a group of workers surging into（涌进） the factory． The two different shots， edited and spliced（接合） together，
imply that the capitalists treat workers as livestock（牲畜）．

    Montage can be divided into narrative（叙述性的） and expressive montage． Narrative montage is based on the development of the plot， by which the audience is attracted and enabled to follow the chronological（按年代顺序排列的） order， to learn the causes and effects easily． If subdivided（细分），narrative montage consists of consecutive montage， paralleled montage， crossing montage and reviewing montage③． But they are not used separately． In film， they merge into and supplement one another to manage the subject more freely and thoroughly④． Expressive montage is a more abstract， general， suggestive and symbolic method calling for the audience’s initiative（主动）， meditation（沉思）and analysis（分析）． It includes contrastive montage， metaphorical montage， psychological montage and rational montage⑤． Unlike narrative montage， expressive montage combines all the shots directly，even without concrete（具体的） images， and probably forces the audience to understand in their own way the internal implications（内涵） carried out by the abstract codes（符号）．

【难句解析】

    ①蒙太奇是电影的基本结构手段和叙事方式，是电影艺术的基础。蒙太奇一词来自法语，本是一个建筑学上的术语，意思是构成和装配。借用到电影艺术中，蒙太奇是指剪辑和组合。

    ②在影片制作中，艺术家们根据剧本主题的需要、情节的发展将影片所要表现的内容分解为不同的段落、场面、镜头，分别进行拍摄和处理。然后再通过一定的艺术技巧，合乎逻辑而又富有节奏地把它们组合起来，使其相互作用而产生连贯、呼应、对比、暗示、夸张、衬托、悬念等效果，构成一部完整的艺术作品。

    ③叙事蒙太奇具体可分为连续式蒙太奇、平行式蒙太奇、交叉式蒙太奇和复现式蒙太奇。

    ④但它们不是孤立的运用，在影片制作过程中往往相辅相成，有机融合，互相衬托和补充，使叙述的内容更加丰富、自由和灵活。

    ⑤表现蒙太奇具体可分为对比蒙太奇、隐喻蒙太奇、心理蒙太奇和理性蒙太奇。