语法专项解析:may(might)的用法
(1)“may”表达许可
例:You may have the cake now.(现在你可以吃蛋糕了。)
例:May I come in?(我可以进来吗?)
解说 表达“许可”无“may…”与“can…”的区别:
“may…”通常表达说话者的许可。
例:You may go home now. (=I allow you to go home now.)
(你现在可以回家。=现在我准你回家。)
例:May I borrow your towel?(我可以借用你的毛巾吗?)
No, you may not.(不行,你不可以借用我的毛巾。)
“can…”表达“许可”时用法比较随便。
例:You can go home now.
本句可作如下的两种解释:
1.你现在可以回家。——我准你回家。
2.你现在可以回家。——如老师要我转告你说“你现在可以回家”,或者如既然你已把工作做完了,按规定“你现在可以回家”等。
第2.的解释法并非说话者的“许可”。换言之,“can…”可以表达第三者的“许可”,或“客观条件的许可”。例如我们看到一个男生要走进女用洗手间,我们就可以对他说:
That’s a lady’s toilet. You can’t go in there.
像这种场合,假定你说“You may not go in there.”并不很通顺,也会被误为你是洗手间的管理员了。
请再注意下列两句意思的区别:
例:May I smoke here?
(我可以在此吸烟吗?——请示对方的“许可”。)
例:Can I smoke here?
(这里我可以吸烟吗?——询问对方这里是否禁止吸烟。)
(2)“may”表达可能性
S + may be…= maybe S + be…
S + may + V…= maybe S + (will)+V…
例:The news may be true.
=Maybe [Perhaps] the news is true.
(或许这消息是真的。)
例:She may come to your birthday party tomorrow.
=Maybe [Perhaps] she’ll come to your birthday party tomorrow.
(或许她明天会来参加你的生日宴会。)
解说 “may…”表达“可能性”时其意思等于“maybe”或“perhaps”,即“或许;也许”。“might…”也一样可用于表达现在或将来的可能性,只是语气较为宛转或对可能性觉得较为不确定。
He might have a hand in that case.
=Maybe [Perhaps] he has a hand in that case.
(或许他涉及那个案子。)
表达可能性的“may/might…”通常不用于疑问句。可能性的疑问通常都使用“Can…?”或者“Do you think…?”,例如:
This news may be true.
Can this news be true?
Do you think this news is true?
表达过去的可能性则使用“may/might have +p. p.”的句式,例如:He might have left for the United States.(他可能已到美国去了。)
(3)“may”表达目的
句型 S+V in order that +S+may+V…
S+V-(e)d in order that +S+might+V…
例:He studies hard (in order) to get passed in the exam.
=He studies hard (in order) that he may get passed in the exam.
(为了要考试及格他努力在用功。)
例:He sold his house (in order) to pay his debt.
=He sold his house (in order) that he might pay his debt.
(为了要还债他把房子卖掉了。)
解说 如例所示表达目的时使用“to V…”比之使用“that +S+ may/might V…”较普通。“in order to V…/in order that +S+ may/might V…”是表达目的强调句式。
(4)“may”表达祈愿
句型 may you /he …+ V…
例:May you succeed.
=I hope [wish] you’ll succeed.
(祝你成功。)
例:May God save our country.
(愿上帝保佑我们的国家。)
(5)“May”的惯用表达句式
句型 may well +V…=there is good reason for +O +to V…
例:You may well say so.
=There is good reason for you to say so.
(你很有理由这么说。——难怪你这么说。)
句型 may/might as well +V…=had better +V…
例:We may [might] as well start at once.
=We had better start at once.
(我们最好立刻动身吧。)
解说 本句式常用于表达提议或劝告。