中考英语party:名词的用法专题精讲
-命题趋势
名词是历届各省市中考必考知识点。从考查形式看,一般有单项选择、词语运用和完形填空等。所占分值通常为1~3分。
-考查重点
中考试题对名词的考查涉及名词复数的构成、名词的所有格、可数名词与不可数名词的用法、专有名词的用法等。其中,不可数名词的数量表示法、名词双重所有格等又是考查的热点。
一.名词的种类
名词可分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词是指某个或某些个人、地方、机构等专有名词。如Beijing,Tom,China等等,普通名词是指一类人或东西或是一个抽象的名称。如:book,pen apple等。
普通名词又可以进一步分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词等四类。
1.个体名词
表示某类人或东西中的个体。如book(书),dog(狗),boy(男孩)
2.集体名词
表示若干个体组成的集合体。 如family(家庭), class(班)
3.物质名词
表示无法分为个体的实物。如water(水)tea(茶)milk(牛奶)等。
4.抽象名词
表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象的概念。如love(爱)peace(和平)等。
有许多名词既可以作可数名词,也可以作不可数名词
二.名词的数
可数名词在应用时有单数和复数的区别,表示一个用单数,两个以上用复数,名词复数的构成有以下规则
名词复数的构成规则
1.一般在词尾直接加s,如book-books..
2.以s,x,sh,ch结尾的名词,通常在词尾加es,如bus-buses,box-boxes,brush-brushes,watch-watches
3.以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,把y变为i,再加es,如baby-babies
(例外:部分专有名词直接加s,Mary-Marys)
4.以f,fe结尾的名词,把f,fe变为v,再加es,如knife-knives
(例外:roof-roofs,scarf-scarfs/scarves)
5.以o结尾的名词有生命的加es,无生命的加s,如tomato-tomatoes,photo-photos
(例外:kangaroo-kangaroos,lingo--lingoes)
6.名词复数的不规则变化
man-men,woman-women,child-children,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,mouse-mice
7.单复数形式相同的名词
sheep绵羊;deer鹿
8.表示“某国人”的名词遵循以下原则
中日不变,如Chinese-Chinese,Japanese-Japanese
英法变,如Englishman-Englishmen,Frenchman-Frenchmen
其他s加后面,如American-Americans,German-Germans
9.只有复数形式的名词
trousers(裤子),glasses(眼镜),thanks(感谢),clothes(衣服)
10.复合名词的变法
an apple tree-some apple trees,a girl student-some girl students
(例外:a woman teacher-some women teachers,a man teacher-some men teachers)
三.修饰名词的词
1.只能修饰可数名词复数的词
数词,many,several,a few,few,a (large)number of,
如:two apples两个苹果,a large number of students 许多学生,several books几本书
2.只能修饰不可数名词的词
much, a little,little,a great deal of,如 much water 许多水,a little time一点儿时间
3.既能修饰可数名词复数又能修饰不可数名词的词
a lot of,lots of,plenty of,表示容器的量词
如 a lot of books 许多书,a lot of milk 许多牛奶,two boxes of apples 两箱苹果,three cups of tea 三杯茶
四、名词的所有格
1、表示有生命的东西的名词,所有格一般在该名词后加’s
如Jim’s sister(吉姆的姐姐);Li Ming’s book(李明的书)
2、以s结尾的复数名词的所有格,只有名词右上方加’。
如Teachers’Day(教师节)
3、以s结尾的单数名词或人名可以加’s构成所有格
如 the boss’s letter (老板的信)
(特例:以s结尾的人名的所有格的构成加’s或’均可,如James’book/James’s book詹姆斯的书)
4、如果某物为两人共有,则只在后一个名词词尾加’s;如果不是共有的,则两个名词后要加’s
如:Jim and Kate’s room吉姆和凯特的房间(共有);Jane’s and Tom’s books珍和汤姆的书(不共有)
5、复合名词的所有格在后一个名词词尾加’s构成
如:her son-in-law’s car(她女婿的车);
6.表示某人家,店铺等生活,工作处所的所有格后的名词常省略:
如:at Mr Wang’s(在王先生家);at the tailor’s(在裁缝店);at the barber’s(在理发店)
7、有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等名词也可以在词尾加’s构成所有格:
如:today’s newspaper(今天的报纸);ten minutes’walk(步行十分钟的路程);Beijing’s street(北京的街道)
8、物主如为无生命的名词,通常用“of+名词”结构来构成所有格:如the name of the hospital(医院的名称);the centre of the city(市中心)
9、表示某物的一部分或抽象概念时,常用“of+名词”结构表示所有格:
如:the top of the house房屋的顶部(一部分);the cost of living生活费用(抽象意义)
10、如果在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时,常用“of+所有格”的形式,即双重所有格,来表示所属关系:
如:a friend of my father’s=one of my father’s friends(我父亲的一位朋友)
(还有一些表示“的”的词,如to,for,from。the answer to the question 问题的答案,the key to the door 门的钥匙,a ticket for the concert音乐会的票,a student from Beijing来自北京的学生)
五.常用近义名词的区别
1.family指“家庭”时,强调全体;指“家里人”时强调个体,与住房无关:My family is a big one.My family are having supper now.
home指“家”,表示同一家庭共同生活的地方,具有感情色彩Kate has left home for school.可作副词也可作名词,意思是“在家”:I had to stay (at) home to do my homework.
house指“住宅”、“住房”The Greens live in a big house.
2.man总称“人”、“人类”,用单数
So far,the moon has been visited by man.
总称“男人”,用单数,不用冠词:Man is stronger than woman. 指个体“男人”,有单、复数:There are two men and three women over there.
people泛指“人们”,表示复数概念:People often work in the day.
指“人”的个体,但只表示复数概念:There are five people in my family.
前面加定冠词指“人民”,表示复数概念:Let’s work for the people.
指“民族”时,有单、复数之分:The Chinese people is a hardworking people.
person强调“人”的个体,有单、复数之分:There are five persons in my family.
3.police总称“警察”,表示复数概念:The police were standing there.
指“警察”的个体,但只表示复数概念:There are several police/policemen watching the traffic.
policeman强调“警察”的个体,有单、复数之分:My father is a policeman.
4.universe指“宇宙万物”,强调物质概念:When we talk about the universe,we mean the earth, the sun,the moon and many other stars.
space指“太空”、“宇宙空间”,强调空间概念:Many countries have sent up the satellites into space.
“空间”、“余地”、“空地”:There is no space on the bus.
六、例题剖析
例1. You should take more _______. Don’t always sit at the desk busy doing your_______.
A. exercise, exercise
B. exercises, exercises
C. exercises, exercise
D. exercise, exercises
【答案】D
exercise作“运动”讲时,是不可数名词;作“练习”讲时,是可数名词,有复数形式。本句第一空为“多做运动”,第二空为“练习”。
例2 .Li Ling wants to be a singer. She thinks it’s an interesting_______.
A. work B. job
C. art D. career
【答案】B
本题考查名词辨析。由an修饰可数名词,可知应选job。
例3.The _______now is that we have lots of _______to ask.
A. problem, questions
B. question, problems
C. question, problem D. problem, question
【答案】A
考查近义词。Question常与ask连用,如ask the question,不定式短语to ask在这里作定语修饰前面的名词question,因为question是可数名词,所以应为questions。
例4.At the foot of the hill you could hear nothing but the _______of the running water.
A. shout B. noise
C. voice D. sound
【答案】D
sound指人所听到的、自然界的任何声音,题意为“流水声”,故选D。
例5. _______are going to come to my home tonight.
A. My brotherexercises three friend
B. My brother of three friends
C. Three my brother’s friend.
D. Three friends of my brother’s
【答案】D
本题题意为“我弟弟朋友们中的三个”表示整体中的一部分,用双重所有格。
七、名词专项同步练习
1. In the picture there are many _______and two_______ .
A. sheep, foxes
B. sheeps, fox
C. sheeps, foxes
D. sheep. foxs
2. In Britain,_______ are all painted red.
A. letter boxes
B. letters boxes
C. letter box
D letters box
3. There are four _______and two in the group.
A. Japanese, Germen
B. Japaneses, Germen
C.Japanese, Germans
D. Japanese, Germens
4. She was born in Wuhan,but Beijing has become her second_______ .
A. home B. family
C. house D. country
5 .Mother brought me _______.
A. a good news
B. a piece of news
C. many good news
D. two news
6. March 8th is_______ Day.
A. Woman’s
B. Women’s
C. Womans’
D Women
7. On the table there are five_______ .
A .tomatos
B .piece of tomatoes
C. tomatoes
D. tomato
8. There are three_______ in our class.
A. Zhou’s B. Zhous
C. Zhous’ D. Zhous’s
9 It’s about ten_______ walk.
A .minute’s B .minutes’
C minute D minutes
10. This room is _______.
A. Bill and David’s
B. Bill’s and David’s
C. Bills and David’s
D. Bill and David
11 . Please remember to give the horse some tree_______ .
A leafs B .leaves
C .leaf D. leave
12 .——Can we have some_______ ?
——Yes,please.
A .banana B .oranges
C. apple D .pear
13. They got much_______ from those new books.
A .ideas B .photos
C .information D stories
14 .What _______lovely weather it is!
A /
B. the
C. an
D .a
15. ——Would you like_______ tea?
—— No,thanks. I have drunk two_______ .
A. any,bottles of orange
B. some,bottles of orange
C. many,bottles of oranges
D. few, bottle of oranges
参考答案
1-5AACAB
6-10BCBBA
11-15BBCAB