合同英语用词特点(一)
商务合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。具体体现在下列方面:
1、May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用
May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过,但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。
May 旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么),shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么), must 用于强制性义务(必须做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。May do 不能说成can do / shall do,不能说成should do 或ought to do,may not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not,但绝不能用can not do或must not。例如,在约定解决争议的途径时的,可以说:
The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People's Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.
本句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商,所以采用了义务性“约定”,如果协商解决不了,作为当事人的权利,用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和 shall 调换位置会怎么样?前半句的shall换用may后,意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决,意思上说得过去,但后半句的may换用shall 后,变成了应当诉讼解决,好像一出事就要先见官,这就有些不友好了。
2、正式用语(Formal Terms)
合同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有很大不同。例如:
“因为”的短语多用“by virtue of”,远远多于“due to”一般不用“because of”;“财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”,而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”;“在……之前”一般用“prior to”,而不用“before”;“关于”常用“as regards”,“concerning”或“relating to”,而不会用“about”;“事实上”用“in effect”,而不用“in fact”;“开始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”;“停止做”用“cease to do”,而不用“stop to do”;“何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by somebody。其中“召开”不用hold 或call,而用convene;“主持”不用chair或be in charge of,而用preside;“其他事项”用miscellaneous, 而不用other matters/events;“理解合同”用construe a contract 或comprehend a contract,而不用understand a contract;“认为”用deem,用consider少,不用think或believe;“愿意做”用intend to do或desire to do,而不用want to do,wish to do。
3、用词专业(Technical Terms)
合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、“救济”、“不可抗力”、“管辖”、“损毁”、“灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解,在英语以上表达分别为defect、remedy、Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as,whereas,in witness whereof, for and on behalf of,hereby,thereof等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。其它例子还有:“赔偿”用indemnities,而不用compensation;“不动产转让”用conveyance,而不用 transfer of real estate;“房屋出租”用tenancy,而“财产出租”用lease of property;“停业”用wind up a business 或cease(名词是cessation)a business,而不用 end/stop a business ;专利许可中的“特许权使用费”只用royalties;还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文grace;“当事人在破产中的和解”用composition;“以实物出资”为investment in kind;“依照合同相关规定”一般说pursuant to provisions contained herein或 as provided herein等,不说according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract;“合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为Neither party hereto may assign this contract,其中hereto表示to the contract,选用Neither party to the contract 的时候较少。